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| 62658300 | Albert Einstein | 1879-1955; theory of special relativity (1905)- showing that there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe | 0 | |
| 62658301 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939; research focused on psychological rather than physiological explanations of mental disorder; theory known as psychoanalysis | 1 | |
| 62658302 | Pablo Picasso | 1881-1973; the leading proponent of cubism, displayed the influence of African art forms | 2 | |
| 62658303 | John Maynard Keynes | .1883-1946; the most influential economist of the 20th century, offered a novel solution; The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), was his answer to the central problem of the depression- that millions of people who were willing to work could not find employment; cause of depression was inadequate demand; advised government to undertake public works projects to provide jobs and redistribute incomes through tax policy | 3 | |
| 62658304 | Franklin Delano Roosevelt | 1882-1945; US president; did not become influential with policymakers until after WWII; took aggressive steps to reinflate the economy and ease the worst of the suffering caused by the depression; proposals for dealing with the national calamity included legislation designed to prevent the collapse of the banking system, to provide jobs and farm subsidies, to give workers the right to organize and bargain collectively, to guarantee minimum wages, and to provide social security in old age | 4 | |
| 62658305 | Joseph Stalin | 1879-1953; new ruler of Russia; transformed the former tsarist empire into the world's first socialist society, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; served in the unglamorous bureaucratic position of general secretary, promoted the idea of socialism in one country; "man of steel"; lived up to his name and completely triumphed over his rivals in the party, clearing the way for an unchallenged dictatorship of the Soviet Union; replace Lenin's NEP with the First Five Year Plan | 5 | |
| 62658306 | Benito Mussolini | a former socialist; 1912-1914, editor of Italy's leading socialist daily Avanti! ("Forward!") later founded his own newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia ("the poeple of Italy"); convinced that the war represented a turning point for the nation; advanced a political program that emphasized virulent nationalism demanded repression of socialists and called for a strong political leader; in 1919 he established the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Italian Combat Veteran League); league managed to have thirty-five fascist elected to the Italian parliament | 6 | |
| 62658307 | Adolf Hitler | (1889-1945) stood as just one personification of Europe's age of anxiety; became chairman of the party known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party in 1921; leader of the Nazis (Germany) | 7 | |
| 62658308 | Uncertainty Principle | Werner Heisenberg published " About the Quantum- Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationship" established this; impossible to specify simultaneously the position and the velocity of a subatomic particle | 8 | |
| 62658309 | Psychoanalysis | theory by Freud; provided the keys to understanding all human behavior; from dreams Freud analyzed literature, religion, politics and virtually every other type of human endeavor, seeking always to identify the manifestations of the repressed conscious | 9 | |
| 62658310 | Bauhuas | institution that brought together architects, designers, and painters from several countries; located first in Weimar and then Dessau, Germany it was a community of innovators bent on creating a building style and interior designs that were uniquely suited to the urban and industrial landscape of the 20th century | 10 | |
| 62658311 | Smoot- Hawley Tariff | 1930 - U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding considerable strain to the worldwide economic climate of the Great Depression. Despite a petition from 1,000 economists urging Pres. Herbert Hoover to veto the act, it was passed as a protective measure for domestic industries. It contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. Other countries retaliated with similarly high protective tariffs, and overseas banks began to collapse. In 1934 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Trade Agreements Act, which reduced such tariffs. | 11 | |
| 62658312 | New Deal | program of sweeping economic and social reforms ; put forward by Roosevelt; the federal government was justified in intervening to protect the social and economic welfare of the people | 12 | |
| 62658313 | New Economic Policy (NEP) | Plan implemented by Lenin that called for minor free market reforms | 13 | |
| 62658314 | Five- Years Plan | the basic aims of this and subsequent five- year plans, first implemented in 1929, were to transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power; set targets for increased productivity in all spheres of the economy of consumer goods; replaced Lenin's NEP | 14 | |
| 62658315 | Collectivism | Process beginning in the late 1920s by which Stalin forced the Russian peasants off their own land and onto huge collective farms run by the state; millions died in the process | 15 | |
| 62658316 | Fascism | Political ideology and mass movement that was prominent in the many parts of Europe between 1919 and 1945; it sought to regenerate the social, political, and cultural life of societies, especially in contrast to liberal democracy and socialism; it began with Mussolini in Italy and reached its peak with Hitler in Germany | 16 | |
| 62658317 | National Socialism | the Nazi movement; made its first major appearance in 1923 when party members and Hitler attempted to overthrow the democratic Weimar Republic; made rapid gains after 1929 because of broad appeal | 17 | |
| 62658318 | Weimer Republic | replaced German empire in 1919 | 18 | |
| 62658319 | Mein Kampf | My Struggle; the title of a book written by Adolf Hitler in which he presented his political views; crudely written and turgid in style, it became the bible of the Nazi movement and the blueprint for the Third Reich; basic theme was racial; believed that a titanic struggle between a superior Aryan race and an inferior non Aryan race- determined the course of history | 19 | |
| 62658320 | Eugenics | the regime initiated a compulsory sterilization program for men and women whom the regime had identified as having "hereditarily determined" sicknesses, including schizophrenia, feeblemindedness, manic depression, hereditary blindness, hereditary deafness, chronic alcoholism, and serious physical deformities | 20 | |
| 62658321 | Nuremburg Laws | deprived German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and other Germans | 21 | |
| 62658322 | Kristallnacht | "night of the broken glass"; during the night of 9-10 November 1938, the Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than one hundred Jews throughout Germany and Austria | 22 |
