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| 170189863 | Cyrus | 600-530 B.C.E.; Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. He conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in thetraditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he empolyed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples | 0 | |
| 170189864 | Darius I | 558-486 B.C.E.; Third ruler of the Persian Empire. He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east and west | 1 | |
| 170189865 | satrap | The governor of a province in the Achaemid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration | 2 | |
| 170189866 | Persepolis | A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland | 3 | |
| 170189867 | Zoroastrianism | A religion originating in ancient Iran; concentrated on 1 deity; may have influenced Judaism, Christianity and other faiths | 4 | |
| 170189868 | polis | The Greek term for a city-state | 5 | |
| 170189869 | hoplite | A heavily armored Greek infantrymman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. These armies were composed of middle and upper class citizens | 6 | |
| 170189870 | tyrant | The term the Greeks used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community | 7 | |
| 170189871 | democracy | A system of government in which all "citizens" have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E. | 8 | |
| 170189872 | sacrifice | A gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship, gaining favor, and obligating the g-d to provide some benefit to the sacrificer | 9 | |
| 170189873 | Herodotus | "father" of history; Greek; traveled Anatolia; chronicled the Persian Wars | 10 | |
| 170189874 | Pericles | 495-420 B.C.E.; Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian states through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion taht led to teh Peloponnesian War | 11 | |
| 170189875 | Persian War | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire (Darius, Xerxes); Greece won which was the first setback for Persian arms launched the Greeks into their period of greatest cultural productivity | 12 | |
| 170189876 | Alexander | 356-323 B.C.E.; King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus River Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East | 13 | |
| 170189877 | Hellenistic Age | Historians' term for the era, usually dated 323-30 B.C.E., in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the 7th century | 14 | |
| 170189878 | Ptolemies | Macedonian dynasty; took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-G reeks serving in the military and administration | 15 | |
| 170189879 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean | 16 | |
| 170189880 | trireme | Greek and Phoenician warship of the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by oars; capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers | 17 | |
| 170189881 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior; convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens, killed with hemlock | 18 | |
| 170189882 | Peloponnesian War | War between Athens and Sparta; Sparta won due to Athenians errors and Persian financial support | 19 |
