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| 11318047357 | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. | Black Death | 0 | |
| 11318065748 | Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities. | Guilds | 1 | |
| 11318090137 | Economic system based on profit-seeking, private ownership, and investment. | Capitalism | 2 | |
| 11318094936 | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | Hanseatic League | 3 | |
| 11318118101 | An architectural style that developed during the middle ages in western europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls | Gothic | 4 | |
| 11318128272 | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | Scholasticism | 5 | |
| 11318139889 | Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | Peter Abelard | 6 | |
| 11318154206 | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. | Bernard of Clarivaux | 7 | |
| 11318169285 | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law and nature of God. | Thomas Aquinas | 8 | |
| 11318184480 | Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture. | Gregory VII | 9 | |
| 11318195253 | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | Investiture | 10 | |
| 11318205530 | Called for the First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from Muslims. | Urban II | 11 | |
| 11318220781 | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. | Magna Carta | 12 | |
| 11318233132 | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany and France. | Parliaments | 13 | |
| 11318245155 | The three social groups considered most powerful in western countries: church, nobles and urban leaders. | Three estates | 14 | |
| 11318257998 | Conflict between England and France from 1337-1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights vs. the emerging claims of national states. | Hundred Years War | 15 | |
| 11318268946 | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty. | Vassals | 16 | |
| 11318282443 | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. | William the Conqueror | 17 | |
| 11318299635 | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. | Holy Roman Emperors | 18 | |
| 11318306438 | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century | Carolingians | 19 | |
| 11318314374 | Carolingian monarch of Franks. responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. | Charles Martel | 20 | |
| 11318321965 | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800. | Charlemagne | 21 | |
| 11318337174 | Heavy plow introduced in northern europe during the middle ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. | Moldboard | 22 | |
| 11318350141 | System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included 1/3 in spring grains, 1/3 fallow. | Three-field system | 23 | |
| 11318358053 | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496, allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom. | Clovis | 24 | |
| 11318368042 | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries. | Vikings | 25 | |
| 11318378844 | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | Manorialism | 26 | |
| 11318385107 | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the middle ages. | Serfs | 27 | |
| 11318391439 | The period in western european history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century. | Middle Ages | 28 |
