Chapter 1-6
Terms : Hide Images
| 480789737 | Jericho | Early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israeli- occupied West Bank near Jordan river | 1 | |
| 480789738 | Mesopotamia | first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture | 2 | |
| 480789739 | Bronze Age | a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons | 3 | |
| 480789740 | Neolithic Age | The New stone age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals. | 4 | |
| 480789741 | Nomads | people with no permanent home; move from place to place in search of food (cattle and sheep herding) 'barbarians' | 5 | |
| 480789742 | Catal Huyuk | early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. | 6 | |
| 480789743 | Culture | the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization | 7 | |
| 480789744 | Hunting and Gathering | System of food production for prehistoric peoples. Involves hunting animals and gathering foods grown in the wild. Prior to sedentary agriculture | 8 | |
| 480789745 | Babylonians | an ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 B.C. and fell to the Persians in 539. | 9 | |
| 480789746 | Neanderthals | type of Homo sapiens; lived from 100,000 BC to 30,000 BC; made tools and animal skin clothes; first people to bury the dead | 10 | |
| 480789747 | Pastoralism | a type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter | 11 | |
| 480789748 | Matrilineal | based on or tracing descent through the female line | 12 | |
| 480789749 | Neolithic Revolution | the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC | 13 | |
| 480789750 | Homo Sapiens | the only surviving hominid, most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period | 14 | |
| 480789751 | Hammurabi | King of the Babylonian empire; creator of the Code of Hammurabi, one of the world's oldest codes of law. | 15 | |
| 480789752 | Matrilocal | a culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the bride's family. | 16 | |
| 480789753 | Savages | Societies engaged in either hunting and gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies. | 17 | |
| 480789754 | band | a level of social organization normally consisting of between 20 and 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis. | 18 | |
| 480789755 | civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) FOOD SURPLUS | 19 | |
| 480789756 | Natufian complex | Preagriculture culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites. | 20 | |
| 480789757 | agrarian revolution | occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture. | 21 | |
| 480789758 | Paleolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. | 22 | |
| 480789759 | slash and burn agriculture | Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. | 23 | |
| 480789760 | Indo-Europeans | A group of nomadic peoples who may have come from the steppes | 24 | |
| 480789761 | domestication | The process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans | 25 | |
| 480789762 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48) | 26 | |
| 480789763 | social differentiation | A process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles, and other social characteristics. | 27 | |
| 480789764 | ideographs | characters that combine two or more pictographs to represent an idea | 28 | |
| 480789765 | Shang dynasty | Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. | 29 | |
| 480789766 | Qin | Dynasty that came to power in China in 221 B.C. under which the first true empire of China was created | 30 | |
| 480789767 | Confucius | chinese philospher and teacher; his beliefs,known as confusoinism greatly influenced Chinese life | 31 | |
| 480789768 | Daoism | It is a philosophy which is founded by Laozi. Daoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature | 32 | |
| 480789769 | Han | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy | 33 | |
| 480789770 | Shi Huangdi | founder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor | 34 | |
| 480789771 | Zhou | The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. | 35 | |
| 480789772 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi. | 36 | |
| 480789773 | "mean people" | The lowest and 3rd group in China's Classical Era, Were people without "meaningful skills". Performing artists and household slaves were included, this group was punished more harshly than any others and required to wear green scarves. | 37 | |
| 480789774 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles) | 38 | |
| 480789775 | Dynasty | a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time | 39 | |
| 480789776 | Analects | a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples | 40 | |
| 480789777 | Five Classics | A corpus of texts considered authoritative by the early Confucians. They include poetry, historical, speeches, chronicles, ritual, and divination, Texts used to train scholars and civil servants in ancient China | 41 | |
| 480789778 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 42 | |
| 480789779 | Era of Warring States | The period of Chinese history between c. 500 and 220 B.C.E. characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war. | 43 | |
| 480789780 | Mandarins | Who: officials in Confucius style government. What: passed very difficult exams in order to hold leadership positions. They formed their own social class, called the Gentry. Many of them attended a university that had been built. Where: China, started in the state of Lu. When: 6th century BC on for 2000 years. Why: Led the Confucian government and were the only people, often, who could read and write. | 44 | |
| 480789781 | Partriarchalism | The rule of only men. | 45 | |
| 480789782 | stupas | Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms. | 46 | |
| 480789783 | Kautilya | Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare. | 47 | |
| 480789784 | Kamasutra | Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and instruction on lovemaking | 48 | |
| 480789785 | reincarnation | the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions | 49 | |
| 480789786 | Skanda Gupta | Last of the able rulers of the Gupta dynasty; following his reign the empire dissolved under the pressure of nomadic invasions | 50 | |
| 480789787 | Buddha | An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180) | 51 | |
| 480789788 | nirvana | in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment | 52 | |
| 480789789 | Arthashastra | political treatise written during reign of Chandragupta Maurya; advocated use of spies and assassins, bribery, and scientific forms of warfare | 53 | |
| 480789790 | karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next life | 54 | |
| 480789791 | Ramayana | one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne | 55 | |
| 480789792 | dharma | in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society | 56 | |
| 480789793 | varnas | The social divisions of the Aryan Society that included from top to bottom: 1)priests (Brahmins), 2) rulers or warriors; 3) farmers, craftspeople, traders 4) workers and servants (Sudras) | 57 | |
| 480789794 | Chandragupta Maurya | He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. | 58 | |
| 480789795 | Himalayas | mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics | 59 | |
| 480789796 | Sanskrit | written language developed by the Aryans (sacred & classical Indian language) | 60 | |
| 480789797 | Indra | chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior God of thunder and strength | 61 | |
| 480789798 | gurus | originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas | 62 | |
| 480789799 | Vedas | four collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India | 63 | |
| 480789800 | Guptas | dynasty the succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century CE; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire; claimed divine rule; demanding system of taxation; established universities | 64 | |
| 480789801 | Mauryas | dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great | 65 | |
| 480789802 | Ashoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. | 66 | |
| 480789803 | Mahabharata | A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. | 67 | |
| 480789804 | Upanishads | A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. | 68 | |
| 480789805 | mandala | A religious symbol associated with meditation, usually created with geometric patterns and shapes | 69 | |
| 480789806 | Kushanas | dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism. | 70 | |
| 480789807 | Tamil | the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka | 71 | |
| 480789808 | jati | sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function | 72 | |
| 480789809 | brahma | the Creator one of three major dietes in hinduism | 73 | |
| 480789810 | yoga | a system of exercises practiced as part of the Hindu discipline to promote control of the body and mind | 74 | |
| 480789811 | Olympic games | one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 75 | |
| 480789812 | Hellenistic period | that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 76 | |
| 480789813 | Peloponnesian Wars | Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 77 | |
| 480789814 | lliad | Greek poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths | 78 | |
| 480789815 | Alexandar the Great | Who: King of Macedonia; pharoah of Egypt; Emperor What: Conquered Persia, Greece, Egypt, and Indus River Where: North America, Fertile Cresent, Persia, India When: 336-323 BC Why sig.: Controlled the largest empire ever created (11 years); responsible for the blending of Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and Greek cultures (Hellenistic) | 79 | |
| 480789816 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 80 | |
| 480789817 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 81 | |
| 480789818 | Philip II of Macedon | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece which was subjected to Macedonian authority; father of Alexander the Great | 82 | |
| 480789819 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131) | 83 | |
| 480789820 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 84 | |
| 480789821 | Macedon | Kingdom of northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings; became centralized under Philip II; conquered Greek city-states. | 85 | |
| 480789822 | Odyssey | a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy | 86 | |
| 480789823 | Alexandria | City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization | 87 | |
| 480789824 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires., c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings. | 88 | |
| 480789825 | Galen | Greek surgeon who studied the body and described the valves of the heart and noted differences between arteries and veins | 89 | |
| 480789826 | Hannibal | Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. | 90 | |
| 480789827 | Ionian | a member of one of the four divisions of the prehistoric Greeks | 91 | |
| 480789828 | Doric | oldest and simplest of the three orders of classical Greek architecture | 92 | |
| 480789829 | Corinthian | Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles. | 93 | |
| 480789830 | King Xerxes | King Darius' son and successor. Lead the battle of Thermopylae. Darius son, Xeres, was determined to defaeat the Greeks. In 480 BC he led an army into Greece. The Spartans joined into help the Athenians. | 94 | |
| 480789831 | Sappho | (born ca. 612 B.C.E.) One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love. | 95 | |
| 480789832 | "mystery" religions | A diverse group of beliefs and practices of ancient Greek and Roman civilization that included initiation into a specific group, a personal encounter with the deity, and hope for spiritual renewal and a better afterlife. | 96 | |
| 480789833 | direct democracy | a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives. | 97 | |
| 480789834 | Ciero | one of Rome's great speakers and senators | 98 | |
| 480789835 | Roman republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148) | 99 | |
| 480789836 | Euclid | Greek Mathematician (Father of Geometry) who taught in Alexandria | 100 | |
| 480789837 | Augustus Ceaser | The greatest ruler of Rome, Caesar Augustus was a conundrum: a ruthless politician and soldier who used his power to restore order and prosperity to Rome with such success that his reign (27 B.C. to 14 A.D) | 101 | |
| 480789838 | city-state | a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit | 102 | |
| 480789839 | Thermistocles | Athenian commander who ordered everyone to leave Athens, he tricked the Persian fleet into sailing into a narrow channel between Greece and Salamis | 103 | |
| 480789840 | Vergil | Roman poet; First Century B.C.; wrote "Aeneid" which celebrated the founding of Rome. | 104 | |
| 480789841 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 105 | |
| 480789842 | Pythagoras | Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem | 106 | |
| 480789843 | aristocracy | hereditary nobility; privileged class; government by nobility;aristocrat | 107 | |
| 480789844 | Zoroastrianism | dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity | 108 | |
| 480789845 | Constantine | Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity | 109 | |
| 480789846 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) | 110 | |
| 480789847 | Ptolemy | Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD) | 111 | |
| 480789848 | polis | Greek word for city-state | 112 | |
| 480789849 | Julius Ceaser | Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire | 113 | |
| 480789850 | Battle of Marathon | in 490 B.C., King Darius sent army to attack Athens; Athenians defeated them; Pheidippides ran 26 miles with the news | 114 | |
| 480789851 | Battle of Thermopylae | Battle during the Persian wars in which Spartan troops fought to the death against a much larger Persian force | 115 | |
| 480789852 | Augustus | First emperor of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's grand-nephew. | 116 | |
| 480789853 | Herodotus | wrote about persian war, father of history, word history comes from name, 1st to gather facts and write them down | 117 | |
| 480789854 | Twelve Tables | the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law | 118 | |
| 480789855 | tyranny | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 119 | |
| 480789856 | Socrates | philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method | 120 | |
| 480789857 | Jesus | a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth | 121 | |
| 480789858 | Tang | dynasty succeeding the Sui in 618 C.E | 122 | |
| 480789859 | Sui | dynasty succeeding the Han; grew from strong rulers in northern China; reunited China. | 123 | |
| 480789860 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86) | 124 | |
| 480789861 | Maya | a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy | 125 | |
| 480789862 | Polynesian | People of Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and and Easter Island. | 126 | |
| 480789863 | Augustine | influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination | 127 | |
| 480789864 | Pope | Head of the Roman Catholic Church | 128 | |
| 480789865 | Paul | BCE. 11-67 Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world | 129 | |
| 480789866 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. | 130 | |
| 480789867 | Teotihuacan | first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". | 131 | |
| 480789868 | Sahara | the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa | 132 | |
| 480789869 | Devi | The mother goddess of Hinduism. The worship of this deity encouraged new emotionalism in the religion. | 133 | |
| 480789870 | Inca | a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s | 134 | |
| 480789871 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. | 135 | |
| 480789872 | Kush | An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E. It was deeply influenced by Egyptian culture and at times under the control of Egypt, which coveted its rich deposits of gold and luxury products from sub-Saharan Africa carried up the Nile corridor. | 136 | |
| 480789873 | Axum | The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa. | 137 | |
| 480789874 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa | 138 | |
| 480789875 | Shintoism | a religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors | 139 | |
| 480789876 | Rajput | Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas. | 140 | |
| 480789877 | Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran | 141 | |
| 480789878 | Allah | Muslim name for the one and only God | 142 | |
| 480789879 | Diocletian | Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians | 143 | |
| 480789880 | Germanic tribes | big on warfare; pressured by Huns to invade Western Roman Empire; combined their culture with Roman culture to form new culture - accepted Christianity | 144 | |
| 480789881 | Huns | large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting. | 145 | |
| 480789882 | Sassanid | Empire that developed in the Middle East in 227 CE, attempted to revive the glories of the Persian Empire (including a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism) | 146 | |
| 480789883 | Coptic | the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia | 147 | |
| 480789884 | bodhisattvas | future Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism; being who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it. | 148 | |
| 480789885 | Mahayana | "the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. | 149 | |
| 480789886 | Benedict | founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; known for establishing Benedictine Rule; paralleled development of Basil's rules in the Byzantine Empire | 150 | |
| 480789887 | world religions | Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism | 151 | |
| 480789888 | animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 152 | |
| 480789889 | Muslim | a believer or follower of Islam | 153 | |
| 480789890 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. | 154 | |
| 480789891 | Mu'awiya | Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 155 | |
| 480789892 | Shi'a | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 156 | |
| 480789893 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 157 | |
| 480789894 | umma | the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan | 158 | |
| 480789895 | Damacus | capital city of the Umayyad Calphiate and center of an Islamic empire | 159 | |
| 480789896 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 160 | |
| 480789897 | Ramadam | this was the month that the Koran was revealed to Muhammad. Fasting from dawn to dusk. | 161 | |
| 480789898 | jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 162 | |
| 480789899 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 163 | |
| 480789900 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. | 164 | |
| 480789901 | Ka'ba | The stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth | 165 | |
| 480789902 | dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 166 | |
| 480789903 | ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 167 | |
| 480789904 | Qur'an | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 168 | |
| 480789905 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of Shi'ism. | 169 | |
| 480789906 | Quraysh | tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century CE | 170 | |
| 480789907 | wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire | 171 | |
| 480789908 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 172 | |
| 480789909 | Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 173 | |
| 480789910 | Hadith | (Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions | 174 | |
| 480789911 | five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 175 | |
| 480789912 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 176 | |
| 480789913 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 177 | |
| 480789914 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 178 | |
| 480789915 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 179 | |
| 480789916 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 180 | |
| 480789917 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | 181 | |
| 480789918 | hijra | the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution bce 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era. | 182 | |
| 480789919 | Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 183 | |
| 480789920 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 184 | |
| 480789921 | mosque | (Islam) a Muslim place of worship | 185 | |
| 480789922 | Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) | 186 | |
| 480789923 | hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah | 187 | |
| 480789924 | Abu al-Abbas | the chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab | 188 | |
| 480789925 | Ridda Wars | wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 189 | |
| 480789926 | Baghdad | Capital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E. | 190 |
