terms in AP edition of World Civilzations
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| 279365600 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century | 0 | |
| 279365601 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries | 1 | |
| 279365602 | Manorialsim | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages involved a hierarchy or reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | 2 | |
| 279365603 | serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages | 3 | |
| 279365604 | moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system | 4 | |
| 279365605 | Three-fold-system | system of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, on-third fallow | 5 | |
| 279365606 | Clovis | Early Frankish king converted Franks to Christianity c 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom | 6 | |
| 279365607 | Carolingian | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century | 7 | |
| 279365608 | Charles Martel | (688-741) Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe | 8 | |
| 279365609 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c 800 | 9 | |
| 279365610 | Holy Roman Emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany | 10 | |
| 279365611 | vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or benefice from feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty | 11 | |
| 279365612 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy | 12 | |
| 279365613 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215 confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims, represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 13 | |
| 279365614 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups;institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France. | 14 | |
| 279365615 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453 fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states. | 15 | |
| 279365616 | Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims | 16 | |
| 279365617 | Gregory VII | Pope who during the 11th century determined to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture. | 17 | |
| 279365618 | Investiture | Practice of sate appointments of bishops, Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 18 | |
| 279365619 | Peter Abelard | (1079-1142) Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | 19 | |
| 279365620 | Bernard of Clairvaux | (1090-1153) Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven form the universities | 20 | |
| 279365621 | Thomas Aquinas | (1225-1274) Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. | 21 | |
| 279365622 | Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities based on use of logic to resolve theological problems. | 22 | |
| 279365623 | Gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls. | 23 | |
| 279365624 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 24 | |
| 279365625 | guilds | sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship; guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities. | 25 | |
| 279365626 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure | 26 |
