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| 304473176 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World. | 0 | |
| 304473177 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans. | 1 | |
| 304473178 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 2 | |
| 304473179 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. | 3 | |
| 304473180 | Herman Cortes | Laneded on the east coast of what is now Mexico. He took over the Aztec's emperior Montezuma and held him prisoner. They went to war with spanish and Aztec's were disintegrated and Spain seized control. | 4 | |
| 304473181 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés' conquest of Tenochtitlan. | 5 | |
| 304473182 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. | 6 | |
| 304473183 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | 7 | |
| 304473184 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 8 | |
| 304473185 | Francisco Vazquez de Coronado | leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold. | 9 | |
| 304473186 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541. | 10 | |
| 304473187 | Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. | 11 | |
| 304473188 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 12 | |
| 304473189 | Potosi | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver. | 13 | |
| 304473190 | Huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí. | 14 | |
| 304473191 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. | 15 | |
| 304473192 | Casa de la Contratacion | Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with the New World | 16 | |
| 304473193 | Consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. | 17 | |
| 304473194 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion. | 18 | |
| 304473195 | Treaty of Tordelsillas | moved the line of demarcration farther west which divided the unexplored world evenly between Spain and Portugal | 19 | |
| 304473196 | Recopilacion | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies. | 20 | |
| 304473197 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World | 21 | |
| 304473198 | Letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions. | 22 | |
| 304473199 | Viceroyalities | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king of Spain | 23 | |
| 304473200 | Audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates. | 24 | |
| 304473201 | Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz | Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. (p. 597) | 25 | |
| 304473202 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 26 | |
| 304473203 | Captaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony. | 27 | |
| 304473204 | Paulistas | Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | 28 | |
| 304473205 | Minas Gerais | Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior were gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush. | 29 | |
| 304473206 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763. | 30 | |
| 304473207 | Sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle. | 31 | |
| 304473208 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class | 32 | |
| 304473209 | Creoles | whites born in America to European parents | 33 | |
| 304473210 | Amigos del pais | Clubs and asociations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 34 | |
| 304473211 | War of Spanish Succession | Recorded from Bourbon family succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713;resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French | 35 | |
| 304473212 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. | 36 | |
| 304473213 | Commercio libre | opened trade to many ports in Spain and the Indies to all Spanish merchants during the reign of Charles III; undercut monopoly of consulados | 37 | |
| 304473214 | Jose de Galvez | Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendents for local governments | 38 | |
| 304473215 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 39 | |
| 304473216 | Comunero Revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels. | 40 | |
| 304473217 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 41 | |
| 304473218 | Carribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here. | 42 | |
| 304473219 | Encomendero | The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church. | 43 | |
| 304473220 | Enlightened despotism | system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment | 44 | |
| 304473221 | Corregidores | Spanish royal officials | 45 |
