AP Edition of World Civilizations
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| 279308385 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 0 | |
| 279308386 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 279308387 | Mecca | city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location o chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam. | 2 | |
| 279308388 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661-750 | 3 | |
| 279308389 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century CE | 4 | |
| 279308390 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 5 | |
| 279308391 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijira) | 6 | |
| 279308392 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632 | 7 | |
| 279308393 | Khadijah | first wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader | 8 | |
| 279308394 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 9 | |
| 279308395 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 10 | |
| 279308396 | umma | community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 11 | |
| 279308397 | zakat | tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 12 | |
| 279308398 | five pillars | the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 13 | |
| 279308399 | Ramadan | Islaic month of religious observane requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 14 | |
| 279308400 | hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 15 | |
| 279308401 | caliph | the political and religious successor to Muhammad | 16 | |
| 279308402 | Abu Bakr | (c 573-634) One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community | 17 | |
| 279308403 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 18 | |
| 279308404 | jihad | struggle; often used for wars om defense of the faith. | 19 | |
| 279308405 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule | 20 | |
| 279308406 | Nestorians | Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 21 | |
| 279308407 | Uthman | 3rd caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 22 | |
| 279308408 | Battle of Siffin | fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 23 | |
| 279308409 | Mu'awiya | (602-680) Leader of Umayyyad clan; 1st caliph following civil war with Ali | 24 | |
| 279308410 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads | 25 | |
| 279308411 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 26 | |
| 279308412 | Karbala | site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 27 | |
| 279308413 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 28 | |
| 279308414 | mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 29 | |
| 279308415 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories | 30 | |
| 279308416 | dhimmi | literally "people of the book'; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories, later extended to Zorastrians and even Hindus. | 31 | |
| 279308417 | hadiths | traditions of the prophet | 32 | |
| 279308418 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE | 33 | |
| 279308419 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 34 | |
| 279308420 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Cteisphon | 35 | |
| 279308421 | wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 36 | |
| 279308422 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 37 | |
| 279308423 | ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 38 |
