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| 266110621 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422) | 0 | |
| 266110622 | Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423) | 1 | |
| 266110623 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 2 | |
| 266110624 | caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic | 3 | |
| 266110625 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428) | 4 | |
| 266110626 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428) | 5 | |
| 266110627 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. | 6 | |
| 266110628 | Moctezuma | Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. | 7 | |
| 266110629 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 8 | |
| 266110630 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish Explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533 | 9 | |
| 266110631 | conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. | 10 | |
| 266110632 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | 11 | |
| 266110633 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428) | 12 | |
| 266110634 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | 13 | |
| 266110635 | Renaissance (european) | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. | 14 | |
| 266110636 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 15 | |
| 266110637 | Indulgence | The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. | 16 | |
| 266110638 | Protestant reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. | 17 | |
| 266110639 | Catholic reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 18 | |
| 266110640 | witch-hunt | The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 19 | |
| 266110641 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. | 20 | |
| 266110642 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 21 | |
| 266110643 | Bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacuring, finance, commerce and allied professions. | 22 | |
| 266110644 | joint-stock company | A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. | 23 | |
| 266110645 | stock exchange | A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. | 24 | |
| 266110646 | gentry | In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. | 25 | |
| 266110647 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | 26 | |
| 266110648 | deforestation | The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. | 27 | |
| 266110649 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. | 28 | |
| 266110650 | Habsburg | A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. | 29 | |
| 266110651 | English Civil War | A conflict over royal versus. Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution | 30 | |
| 266110652 | Versailles | The huge palace built for the French king Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. | 31 | |
| 266110653 | balance of power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. | 32 |
