1/7 of Quarter 3 Test The Earth and Its Peoples
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| 334208799 | Abraham Darby | In 1709, ________ used coal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore. When he discovered that coal gave off impurities that damaged the iron, _________ found a way to remove the impurities from coal, leading to better quality/ cheaper iron. | 0 | |
| 334208800 | Auguste Compte | founder of sociology, advocated positivism, social statics, and social dynamics. | 1 | |
| 334208801 | Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar | Bombay merchant; imported an engineer, skilled workers, textile merchants; started textile mill | 2 | |
| 334208802 | David Ricardo | English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823) | 3 | |
| 334208803 | Henry Cort | In the 1780s, _______ developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). _____ also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form. | 4 | |
| 334208804 | James Watt | Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. | 5 | |
| 334208805 | Josiah Wedgwood | English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods | 6 | |
| 334208806 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 7 | |
| 334208807 | Richard Arkwright | English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that could spin many strong cotton threads at once. | 8 | |
| 334208808 | Thomas Malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) | 9 | |
| 334208809 | Business cycles | The periodic rises and falls that occur in all economies over time | 10 | |
| 334208810 | Crystal Palace | Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic green house. Symbol of the industrial revolution. | 11 | |
| 334208811 | Electric telegraph | A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. | 12 | |
| 334208812 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. | 13 | |
| 334208813 | Zollverein | Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity | 14 | |
| 334208814 | Agricultural Revolution | the transformation of farming that resulted in the 18th century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. | 15 | |
| 334208815 | Chartism | the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people | 16 | |
| 334208816 | Division of labor | a manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood, it greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods. | 17 | |
| 334208817 | Industrial Revolution | the transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the 18th century, that resulted from the use of the steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovation in transportation and communication | 18 | |
| 334208818 | Industrial Working conditions | Long hours with very short breaks, no security of employment, no minimum wage, horrible temperatures are all examples of the horrible _____________________ | 19 | |
| 334208819 | laissez-faire | idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs | 20 | |
| 334208820 | mass production | the manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josia Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright | 21 | |
| 334208821 | mechanization | use of automatic machinery to increase production | 22 | |
| 334208822 | positivism | the application of the scientific approach to the social world | 23 | |
| 334208823 | Railroads | Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704) | 24 | |
| 334208824 | Urbanization | the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban | 25 | |
| 334208825 | Utopian socialism | Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively | 26 |
