Unit Four
Global Interactions
Terms : Hide Images
| 281676133 | Absolutism | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 0 | |
| 281676134 | Absolute Monarch | ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people. | 1 | |
| 281676135 | Tycho Brahe | Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data. | 2 | |
| 281676136 | John Calvin | Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) | 3 | |
| 281676137 | Capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. | 4 | |
| 281676138 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) | 5 | |
| 281676139 | Miguel de Cervantes | Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) | 6 | |
| 281676140 | Nicholas Copernicus | He believed in a heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe. He argued that the Sun was at the center of the universe. The planets revolved around the sun. | 7 | |
| 281676141 | deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 8 | |
| 281676142 | divine right | belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. | 9 | |
| 281676143 | Early Modern Period | 1450 - 1750 | 10 | |
| 281676144 | Edict of Nantes | 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants | 11 | |
| 281676145 | Empirical evidence | information we can verify with our senses | 12 | |
| 281676146 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | 13 | |
| 281676147 | Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 14 | |
| 281676148 | Galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) | 15 | |
| 281676149 | Gunpowder Empires | Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes. | 16 | |
| 281676150 | Johann Gutenberg | German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) | 17 | |
| 281676151 | Habsburg Family | European family that gained power through arranged marriages to become very strong Holy Roman Emperors | 18 | |
| 281676152 | Humanism | the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason | 19 | |
| 281676153 | indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 20 | |
| 281676154 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 21 | |
| 281676155 | joint-stock companies | an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business | 22 | |
| 281676156 | Johannes Kepler | Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy | 23 | |
| 281676157 | land based powers | Governments controlled land by building armies, bureaucracies, road,s canals, and walls that unified people and protected them from outsiders.-The focus was on land. | 24 | |
| 281676158 | sea based powers | Built their power by controlling water routes, developing technologies to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims across the oceans. | 25 | |
| 281676159 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | 26 | |
| 281676160 | Limited Monarchy, Constitutional | government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers | 27 | |
| 281676161 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 28 | |
| 281676162 | Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | 29 | |
| 281676163 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 30 | |
| 281676164 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean). | 31 | |
| 281676165 | Medici Family | Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries | 32 | |
| 281676166 | Mercator projection | A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized. | 33 | |
| 281676167 | Michelangelo | An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time. | 34 | |
| 281676168 | Baron de Montesquieu | French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government. | 35 | |
| 281676169 | Nasir al-Din | Islamic 13th century scholar who wrote mathematical tables | 36 | |
| 281676170 | Isaac newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 37 | |
| 281676171 | Patrons | a person who supports artists, especially financially | 38 | |
| 281676172 | Protestant Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446) | 39 | |
| 281676173 | putting-out system | System which was basically an assembly line which made goods easy to manufacture and cheaper to create. Took less time, made guilds obsolete. | 40 | |
| 281676174 | Raphael | Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520) | 41 | |
| 281676175 | Renaissance man | a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics | 42 | |
| 281676176 | Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher who felt all people were born equal, but became corrupted by society. He opposed titles of nobility and felt the majority should rule. | 43 | |
| 281676177 | Rule of Law | a state of order in which events conform to the law | 44 | |
| 281676178 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408) | 45 | |
| 281676179 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | 46 | |
| 281676180 | William Shakespeare | English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) | 47 | |
| 281676181 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) | 48 | |
| 281676182 | Thirty Year War | a religious war between the Catholics and Protestants, which resulted in the political restructuring of Europe and the development of nation states - the Dutch Republic, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, granted religious freedom in many parts of Europe and encouraged the secularization of government. | 49 | |
| 281676183 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | 50 | |
| 281676184 | Voltaire | French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. | 51 |
