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| 298792145 | Cyrus the Great | founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires | 0 | |
| 298792147 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person. | 1 | |
| 298792149 | Hellenism | Culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 2 | |
| 298792151 | Hellenistic culture | culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests. | 3 | |
| 298792153 | Iliad and Odyssey | Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology. | 4 | |
| 298792154 | polis | city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 5 | |
| 298792156 | Solon | Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt | 6 | |
| 298792158 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of late 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for "corrupting" minds of Athenian young. | 7 | |
| 298792160 | direct democracy | literally, rule of the people—in Athens it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives. | 8 | |
| 298792161 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire. | 9 | |
| 298792163 | Olympic Games | one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 10 | |
| 298792165 | Oracle of Delphi | person representing the god apollo; received cryptic messages from the god that had a predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the information | 11 | |
| 298792167 | Persian Wars | 5th century B.C.E. wars between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity. | 12 | |
| 298792168 | Delian League | alliance formed by Athens with other city-states after Persian wars; later taken over by Athens and became Athenian empire | 13 | |
| 298792170 | Peloponnesian War | war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece. | 14 | |
| 298792171 | Macedon | kingdom of northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings; became centralized under Philip II; conquered Greek city-states. | 15 | |
| 298792172 | Phillip II | Macedonian king, he was a brilliant military leader who defeated the Greeks. Alexander the Great was his son. | 16 | |
| 298792173 | Alexander the Great | son and successor of Phillip II; conquered Persian Empire and advanced to borders of India; attempted to combine Greek and Persian culture | 17 | |
| 298792174 | Ptolemies | a regional dynasty that followed the death of Alexander the Great; ruled in Egypt | 18 | |
| 298792175 | Seleucids | a regional dynasty that followed the death of Alexander the Great; ruled in Persia | 19 | |
| 298792176 | Antigonids | a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander, ruled in Macedon and Greece. | 20 | |
| 298792177 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based on observation of phenomena in material world | 21 | |
| 298792178 | Stoics | Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. | 22 | |
| 298792179 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 23 | |
| 298792180 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex and Antigone | 24 | |
| 298792181 | Aristophanes | writer of Greek comedy; author of the Frog | 25 | |
| 298792182 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality. | 26 | |
| 298792183 | Alexandria | great city founded in Egypt by Alexander; site of Mediterranean world's greatest library; great intellectual center | 27 | |
| 298792184 | helots | conquered by Spartans; provided agricultural labor for Spartan landowners; only semi free; largest part of the population | 28 |
