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| 299113767 | Al-Mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile Shi'i moderates among Shia to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 0 | |
| 299113768 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights. | 1 | |
| 299113769 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads | 2 | |
| 299113770 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 3 | |
| 299113771 | Crusades | Invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem in the First Crusade and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291. | 4 | |
| 299113772 | Saladin | 12th-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. Famous in the Third Crusade along with Richard the Lionhearted of England | 5 | |
| 299113773 | Ibn Khaldun | Great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history. | 6 | |
| 299113774 | Rubiyat | Epic of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine | 7 | |
| 299113775 | Shah-Nama | Epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests | 8 | |
| 299113776 | Sa'di | A great poet of the Abbasid era. | 9 | |
| 299113777 | al-Razi | Classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral. | 10 | |
| 299113778 | al-Biruni | 11th-century scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals. | 11 | |
| 299113779 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking. | 12 | |
| 299113780 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 13 | |
| 299113781 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions. | 14 | |
| 299113782 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph. | 15 | |
| 299113783 | Arabic Numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West. | 16 | |
| 299113784 | Harsha | 7th-century north Indian ruler; built a large state that declined after his death in 646. | 17 | |
| 299113785 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. | 18 | |
| 299113786 | Muhammad of Ghur | Persian ruler of a small kingdom in Afghanistan; invaded northern India during the 11th century. | 19 | |
| 299113787 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india | 20 | |
| 299113788 | Sati | Hindu ritual for burning widows with their deceased husbands | 21 | |
| 299113789 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali. | 22 | |
| 299113790 | Kabir | 15th century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam | 23 | |
| 299113791 | Srivijaya | Trading empire based on the Malacca straits; it's Buddhist govt resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 24 | |
| 299113792 | Malacca | Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya. | 25 | |
| 299113793 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions. | 26 |
