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| 5700874544 | Babur | founded Mughal Dynasty of India | 0 | |
| 5700874545 | Akbar | Greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty - religious tolerance - created Din-i-Ilahi ("Faith of the Divine"), combo of Hindu, Islam, Christianity patron of the arts/literature | 1 | |
| 5700874546 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires | 2 | |
| 5700874547 | conquistador | Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers who spread across Americas | 3 | |
| 5700874548 | Ivan the Great | quadrupled size of Russia, made Moscow impressive capital of Third Roman Empire, laid foundation for Russian aristocracy, longest rule | 4 | |
| 5700874549 | Louis XIV | "Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism | 5 | |
| 5700874550 | Sikhs | Ten Sikh gurus - Northern India - started religion - Sikhism - unique view of world through one God | 6 | |
| 5700874551 | Suleiman I | Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system | 7 | |
| 5700874552 | Dutch East India Company | Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies | 8 | |
| 5700874553 | British East India Company | Controlled trade for Britain - became even stronger than some governments - controlled markets and resources | 9 | |
| 5700874554 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Pope divides Latin America between Portugal and Spain: Brazil - Portuguese, Spain - everywhere else | 10 | |
| 5700874555 | Elizabeth I | England monarch 1558 - 1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility | 11 | |
| 5700874556 | John Calvin | Calvinism - belief in predestination | 12 | |
| 5700874557 | English Enlightenment | 1649 - 1690 - England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, and writing by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes | 13 | |
| 5700874558 | Footbinding | began Tang dynasty - 700, eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance - see high heel shoes | 14 | |
| 5700874559 | Huguenots | Protestants living in Catholic France - minority - often persecuted | 15 | |
| 5700874560 | Italian Renaissance | rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion | 16 | |
| 5700874561 | Jesuits | footsoldiers of the Pope, Society of Jesus, branch of Catholicism after Reformation, focused on educational/universities, missionary work and social justice | 17 | |
| 5700874562 | Puritans | Sect of Protestants in England who dismiss Anglican church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England - known in the US as pilgrims | 18 | |
| 5700874563 | absolute monarchy | hereditary leadership that controls executive, legislative, judicial decisions | 19 | |
| 5700874564 | creoles | Spanish/Portuguese born in Latin America - on class scale, step below those actually born in Spain/Portugal | 20 | |
| 5700874565 | encomienda | system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant | 21 | |
| 5700874566 | Hagia Sophia | former Eastern Orthodox church converted to a mosque, now converted into a museum, in the Turkish city of Istanbul | 22 | |
| 5700874567 | Janissaries | Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire - later developed monopoly on military and resisted technological innovation | 23 | |
| 5700874568 | Mughal dynasty | Muslim dynasty that ruled India | 24 | |
| 5700874569 | mulatto | offspring of a European and an African | 25 | |
| 5700874570 | peninsulares | highest of Spanish colonial caste system - peninsular was a citizen born in the metropolitan part of the Spanish Empire. Also, they held high official power or positions. | 26 | |
| 5700874571 | Qing dynasty | founded by Manch clan from Northeast, not Qin, claimed mandate of heaven, eventually couldn't keep out Europeans, died | 27 | |
| 5700874572 | Reconquista | reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula, taking place between 718 and 1492 | 28 | |
| 5700874573 | Northwest Passage | attempt to find water route through North America - none ever found - led to exploration of bays, rivers | 29 | |
| 5700874574 | Middle Passage | term given for sea voyage of African slaves on way to Latin America/Caribbean/North America - 25 - 50% would perish on trip | 30 | |
| 5700874575 | triangular trade | trade of African slaves to Caribbean, sugar to industrialized North U.S. and England, manufactured goods to Africa | 31 | |
| 5700874576 | heliocentric theory | belief that earth rotates around the sun, contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by church that universe revolved around earth | 32 | |
| 5700874577 | indulgence | selling of passes out of purgatory into heaven to pay for Renaissance architecture/art in Rome, big compliant of Martin Luther | 33 | |
| 5700874578 | laissez-faire economics | belief that government should not control business - hands off - let market decide success/failure of a product | 34 | |
| 5700874579 | natural laws | belief that human interaction/rule of law is governed by a set of laws - similar to those found in nature like gravity | 35 | |
| 5700874580 | Ninety-Five Theses | complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church - nailed to the church university door, started Protestant Reformation | 36 | |
| 5700874581 | predestination | belief the a long time ago, at the dawn of creation, all spirits and souls were predetermined on who was going to heaven, so... going to heaven not based on works/actions, but on God's choosing | 37 | |
| 5700874582 | Protestant Reformation | attempt to reform Church, leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church, not as ritualistic as the Church, Bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe, led to wars | 38 | |
| 5700874583 | Martin Luther | priest that initiated Protestant Reformation, refused to renounce views, protected by German princes, also wanted clergy to be able to marry | 39 | |
| 5700874584 | Henry VIII | created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church because Pope would annul marriage to women who couldn't produce a male heir | 40 | |
| 5700874585 | Protestant doctrines | don't believe in holy trinity, only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope | 41 | |
| 5700874586 | European religious wars | Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic, stay Catholic, still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow | 42 | |
| 5700874587 | Galileo | improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science". | 43 | |
| 5700874588 | Sir Isaac Newton | By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism. | 44 | |
| 5700874589 | Voltaire | Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs | 45 | |
| 5700874590 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains." | 46 | |
| 5700874591 | population growth and the Agricultural Revolution | need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement | 47 | |
| 5700874592 | Prince Henry the Navigator | sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an Adrican route to Asia | 48 | |
| 5700874593 | Christopher Colombus | "discover" of the Americas, looking for shortcut.western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Colombian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance | 49 | |
| 5700874594 | Ferdinand Magellan | 1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe | 50 | |
| 5700874595 | North American fur trade | Indians and French worked together, massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi | 51 | |
| 5700874596 | Ming dynasty | ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type | 52 | |
| 5700874597 | tea and Chinese trade with Europe | Portuguese discover Chinese tea in 1560s, starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe, dominates life | 53 | |
| 5700874598 | Kangxi | one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any control, over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang | 54 | |
| 5700874599 | reunification of Japan | The reunification of Japan is accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years. | 55 | |
| 5700874600 | Atlantic slave trade | purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people | 56 | |
| 5700874601 | sugar production and the slave trade | labor intensive, dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America - numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction - males primarily brought over - overseers keep order violently, absentee landowners | 57 | |
| 5700874602 | Hernan Cortes | defeated Aztecs due to guns, germs, and steel | 58 | |
| 5700874603 | Francisco Pizarro | defeated Incas due to guns, germs, and steel and a gullible Montezuma | 59 | |
| 5700894903 | impressed | putting people or property into public service or use. | 60 | |
| 5700903815 | manumit | release from slavery; set free. | 61 | |
| 5701038822 | Magellan's Route | Discovered the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean. |  | 62 |
| 5701060001 | DeGama's Route | First to discover an ocean route from Portugal to India |  | 63 |
| 5701076920 | Opression | Cruel and unjust treatment | 64 | |
| 5701080552 | Dictator | A ruler with absolute power | 65 | |
| 5701092890 | Artifacts | Objects made by people long ago | 66 | |
| 5701101459 | refugee | a person who has to leave their country for safety | 67 | |
| 5701106540 | culture | a way of life of a people | 68 | |
| 5701110634 | Republic | A government where a group of citizens choose the leaders to govern | 69 | |
| 5701113904 | Caste | A social class of Hindu people (varna system) | 70 | |
| 5701144368 | 1517 | Martin Luther nails 95 Thesis to begin Protestant Reformation | 71 | |
| 5701151838 | Tax Farming | paying taxes in advance for the right to collect greater amounts of taxes from others. | 72 | |
| 5701165240 | Sulieman | The sultan who presided over a "golden age" and the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe was | 73 | |
| 5701186978 | adverse | preventing success or development; harmful; unfavorable. | 74 | |
| 5701198941 | ECOMIENDA | a form of forced labor and tribute. | 75 | |
| 5701208577 | Mercantilism | The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism. | 76 |
