Terms : Hide Images
| 4858995726 | Patriarchal | Foundations characteristic of a structure led by the eldest male; started in Shang China (1600-1100 BC); extended family lived in the same place together in a patriarchal structure; generations of families lived together | 0 | |
| 4859000715 | Bureaucracies | Foundations way of organizing government tasks by department (bureau); each part of government could specialize in a specific task; started during the Zhou dynasty in Ancient China; bureaucratic form of government stayed popular throughout China | 1 | |
| 4859006398 | The Gupta Dynasty | Classical during classical era mainly in India (320CE to 550CE); came after the decline of the Mauryan Empire; founded by Chandra Gupta the Great; decentralized; referred to as "golden age", experienced peace with advances in education (arts and sciences); developed pi and zero and a decimal system; Hinduism became prominent and caste system was reinforced; women and children has few rights; fell to the White Huns in 550 CE | 2 | |
| 4859008419 | The Han Dynasty | Classical during classical era (200BCE to 460CE); Xiongnu took over places from China to Eastern Europe; Wu Ti was emperor who spread Han Empire to central Asia; trade thrived along Silk Road; Buddhism spread; civil service examination was a test that tested government candidates which lead to a skilled government bureaucracy; inventions such as paper, calendars, sundials, the rudder, the compass, and the use of more metals | 3 | |
| 4859014543 | Paterfamilias | Classical took place in the ancient Roman Republic (509BCE to 476CE); social structure of Roman families; families centered on the eldest male; women has some influence in the family (own property) | 4 | |
| 4859016276 | Mahayana Buddhism | Classical death of Buddha in 483 BCE caused Buddhism to split into Theravada and Mahayana buddhism; was a more intricate form of Buddhism; was made of people who believed that the teachings of Buddha weren't offering enough spiritual comfort; hypothesized other forms of salvation; Buddha became more godlike; more deities appeared (bodhisattvas: people who achieve nirvana but stay on earth), relied on priests and scriptures more | 5 | |
| 4859026077 | The Abbasid Dynasty | Post Classical part of the Islamic empire; reigned from 750 to 1258; built a capital at Baghdad; built around trade; developed systems of credit and itemized receipts and bills; defeated a T'ang Chinese army in 751 CE during the Battle of the Talus for the control of Silk Road trading posts; monopolized trade routes; cities thrived on trade, scholars, and military and cultural expansion; kept western heritage alive; tolerant of conquered heritages and customs; Sufis: effective Islamic missionaries; succeeded in converting people to Islam | 6 | |
| 4859034035 | Sufis | Post Classical during the Abbasid Dynasty; Islamic mystics that were effective missionaries; stressed personal relationships with Allah; lead to Islam being highly adaptable; tolerated people who put Allah in their other beliefs; converted many people to Islam | 7 | |
| 4859037874 | The T'ang and Song Dynasties | Post Classical T'ang dynasty ruled by Emperor Xuan-zong in 618 CE, but collapsed; China reunified in 960 by the Song dynasty ruled by Emperor Taizu; accomplished many things from arts to sciences; T'ang dynasty was unique because of poetry; Song dynasty spread literary accomplishments because of new printing processes; T'ang and Song dynasties made China stable again; used a bureaucratic system and continued the civil service examination; developed transportation and communication networks; power based on trade and expansion; T'ang tribute system acknowledged supremacy of the Chinese emperor with gifts; Song dynasty developed an industrial society where literature spread knowledge and information; fell to the Jurche and later fell to the Mongols | 8 | |
| 4859039226 | "Civil Service in China" | Post Classical civil service exam created by the Han Dynasty; focused on Confucian principles but were modified by the T'ang and Song rulers; caused a large group of educated and loyal government workers; meritocracy | 9 | |
| 4859045613 | Foot binding | Post Classical a practice that developed during the Song dynasty; bound women's feet to keep them small and "feminine"; subordination of women justified by a new Confucianism; large feet considered "masculine and ugly"; practice lasted for centuries and caused deforming and crippling | 10 | |
| 4859047383 | Feudal Japan | Post Classical developed around the same time of feudalism in Europe; in 1192 Yoritomo Minamoto became shogun; emperor became figurehead while shogun had actual power; daimyo- powerful samurai, divided land to other samurai called vassals, peasants and artisans worked; "land-for-loyalty exchange"; Code of Bushido was a honor code for samurai; women had very few rights and lost freedom | 11 | |
| 4859056142 | The Delhi Sultanate | Post Classical Islamic invaders beat disorganized Hindus and took over Delhi ("Delhi Sultanate"); beginning in 1206 Islam spread through India and the sultans tried to convert them (Hinduism to Islam); non-muslims had to pay a tax; sultans destroyed Hindu-related structures; many Hindus in northern India converted while in southern India they stuck with their traditions; many architectural advances were made during this time (irrigation systems, colleges, mosques) | 12 | |
| 4859062030 | The Mongol Empire | Post Classical nomadic; horsemen and archers; early 1200's Genghis Khan unified Mongol tribes; spread from Pacific Ocean to Europe; Golden Horde conquered Russia; after Genghis Khan's death Kublai Khan was elected and ruled over China; destroyed territories; did not force a religion onto its people; not many cultural advances; Pax Mongolica- when empire cities were established and peaceful; great diffusers of culture; Russia never fully unified; brought the world together because of their large conquered territories | 13 | |
| 4859064430 | Postclassical Trade Networks | Post Classical led to cultural diffusion of religions and languages; spread knowledge of topics from different regions; literature and art concepts spread along trade routes; Bubonic Plague was spread along trade routes from Asia to Europe; trade routes were like a web that were "interconnected but highly independent" | 14 | |
| 4859069123 | The Protestant Reformation | Early Modern The church had a lot of power because people believed that it was the only way for man to connect with God. Once the church started selling indulgences so they could have funds to build new institutions, a German monk named Martin Luther wrote theses that explained the problems within the Church. He started by translating the bible from Latin to German so the people could have a connection with God without having to put all their faith in the Church. Because of this, people believed they could directly ask God for forgiveness instead of going to the Church. Luther gained many followers called 'Lutherans' that separated themselves from the Catholic church. Many other people then began splitting off from the Church (ex. John Calvin- Calvinism). Because of the bible, many people learned how to read and made personal relationships with God. The Church eventually made a comeback by stopping the spread of Protestantism. | 15 | |
| 4859073164 | The Scientific Revolution | Early Modern The Scientific Revolution was a time when many scientific advancements were made. For a long time many people believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Thoughts changed during the Protestant Reformation. Copernicus came up with a mathematical theory that helped prove that the sun was actually the center of the universe, but until Galileo's proofs became known people didn't believe in the heliocentric model. Galileo proved Copernicus's model, but the Catholic Church disagreed and put him on trial and made him recant. Along with the heliocentric model, the Scientific Method was another huge advancement during the Scientific Revolution. It was a system of observation, reason, and experiment that was used to prove scientific inquiries. The Scientific Revolution also helped form a belief system called Deism, where people believed that God exists but is viewed as a watchmaker and rarely interacts in everyday life. | 16 | |
| 4859077365 | The Enlightenment | Early Modern During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, philosophers and social critics started focusing on the role of the individual man. Helped influence the framers for the US Constitution. They began to think that the government should meet the needs of the people instead of the people meeting the needs of the government. 'Divine right', which was a moral/religious code that monarchs had to obey, came to be. People began to be confused with who held the ultimate power because now the monarchs and the pope were "ordained by God". Philosophers disagreed on the role of the government because of their different perspectives on human nature. | 17 | |
| 4859080245 | The Columbian Exchange | Early Modern After Columbus's voyages, there was a trade of animals, plants, diseases, people, ideas, and technology between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. From Europe and Africa animals, chili peppers, and sugarcane went to America while from America plants and roots went to Europe and Africa. The key products were sugar and silver. Spanish colonies enforced slave labor for the sugar plantations and silver mines that were developed in the Americas. The control of silver lead to the Spanish having access to the Philippines, China, and the Pacific Ocean. | 18 | |
| 4859081401 | Mercantilism | Early Modern Mercantilism was a concept developed during The Commercial Revolution that a government should regulate their trade and not import more than is exported, which would lead to a balance of trade. Also, dependencies on other countries were established. Because they couldn't take many more imports, Europe began to colonize, which meant that they owned all the resources that the colonies had. People in the colonies became frustrated because Europe took their supplies, which they then had to pay for (with taxes) to get back. | 19 | |
| 4859087435 | Louis XIV | Early Modern Louis XIV was a French king that ruled for a long time (1643-1715). He ruled under divine right and exemplified absolute monarchy. He never summoned the Estates General (lawmaking body) and made many decisions himself. He built the palace of Versailles and revoked the Edict of Nantes that Henry IV established causing religious intolerance. Lastly, he appointed Colbert who was a strict mercantilist. | 20 | |
| 4859090650 | Peter the Great | Early Modern Peter the Great was a Russian czar that ruled from 1682-1725. He wanted to westernize Russia, so he built Russia's first navy and a new capital named St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. St. Petersburg was called the "window to the west" and became a place of many engineers, scientists, architects, and artists. Women of nobility dressed in western fashions while men had to shave their beards. | 21 | |
| 4859094473 | The Ottoman Empire | Early Modern The Ottoman Empire rose in Anatolia during the fall of the Mongol Empire. Started in 1453. The Turks unified the region and invaded Constantinople, which led to the end of the Byzantine Empire. They changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul and transformed cathedrals into mosques. The Ottoman Empire expanded from Greece to Persia and into northern Africa. Once the empire started conquering more land, they enslaved Christian children and turned them into Janissaries (fighting warriors). Under Selim I, Istanbul became the center of Islamic civilization. Suleiman I ruled after him and built up the military and arts. From 1520-1566 they experienced a golden age. Once the Holy Roman Empire began to weaken, the Ottoman Empire took parts of it but didn't get past Vienna. The Ottoman Empire ended in 1922. | 22 | |
| 4859097387 | Akbar | Early Modern Akbar was the grandson of Babur and ruled the Mughal Empire in India from 1556 to 1605. He ruled with religious tolerance and allowed Hinduism to be practiced even though he himself was Muslim. He also allowed Hindus to have government positions. Because of his religious tolerance he unified a lot of India and made many reforms. He got rid of the jizya (tax on Hindus) and tried to get rid of sati (high caste Hindu women would throw themselves onto their husbands' funeral pyres) to improve the status of women. | 23 | |
| 4859104729 | Zheng He | Early Modern Zheng He was a Chinese navigator that led many fleets in the early fifteenth century. He led fleets almost a century before the Europeans did. The fleets went throughout southeast Asia in the Indian Ocean to East Africa. The fleets led to many trade opportunities, but the Chinese stopped their expeditions a few decades later and Chinese society turned inward. | 24 | |
| 4859111412 | The Tokugawa Shogunate | Early Modern The Tokugawa Shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600. It was a strict central government that lasted in Japan for 2 centuries. Like feudal Japan, the emperor was still a 'figurehead' while the shogun held the most power. What was different was that the shogun owned all the land within Japan and took power away from the daimyo. A rigid system almost like the Caste System was set up that went warrior, farmer, artisan, and merchant. Japan had little contact with other countries due to the National Seclusion Policy that kept people from travelling to and from Japan, and they also began to persecute the Christians. Because of such little contact with other cultures, the culture in Japan thrived, especially with the arts, that was almost like Japan's own renaissance. | 25 | |
| 4859117827 | The National Assembly | Modern The National Assembly was comprised of the Third Estate. The Third Estate was angry at the king and the other Estates in the Estates-General for not listening to their concerns, so on June 17, 1789 they gathered and formed the National Assembly. The king tried to make the other Estates join them, but the peasants didn't think that the king was going to listen to their concerns anyways. They then stormed the Bastille and attacked the nobility and feudal institutions. A month later they adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and abolished the feudal system. They also declared freedom of worship from the Catholic Church. The king and his family were kept in Paris so they couldn't interfere the National Assembly's work. In 1789, France finally became the first 'modern' nation-state due to the French Revolution. | 26 | |
| 4859124722 | The Reign of Terror | Modern After the National Assembly ratified their new constitution, the Austrians and the Prussians invaded France with the goal to restore the monarchy. The French leaders then drew up a new ruling body called the Convention, which got rid the monarchy and stated that France was a republic. It was led by the radicals called the Jacobins and beheaded the king for treason. Prussia and Austria then regrouped and became more powerful, so to prevent chaos the Convention made the Committee of Public Safety, which enforced the revolution and killed anyone that tried to go against the revolution. Tens of thousands French citizens were killed during this time. Two years later in 1795 the French became tired and beheaded the leader named Maximilien Robespierre, and also came up with a new government. The time during the Committee of Public Safety was called the Reign of Terror. | 27 | |
| 4859131473 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Modern Napoleon Bonaparte was a famous French ruler and military leader. He declared himself the first consul after defeating the Directory (new five man government) and ruled under a new constitution. He restored tolerance, made reforms in agriculture, infrastructure, and public education, and also fixed the problems with the Catholic church. As a leader he also established Napoleonic Codes which recognized French citizens (men) as equals and institutionalized ideas from the Enlightenment. As a military leader he fended off foreign invaders and made France an aggressor. He conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and parts of Italy. Napoleon became very greedy when he tried to conquer Moscow and failed, which ultimately led France's loss and Napoleon's exile. When Napoleon came back and tried to regain power, but the rulers of Austria, Russia, and Britain permanently exiled him to St. Helena at Waterloo in 1813. | 28 | |
| 4859144187 | Simon Bolivar | Modern Simon Bolivar was a Spanish king in the 1800's. After Napoleon conquered Spain and made his brother king, the Spanish colonies remained loyal to their own king and made Simon Bolivar their leader. He established a national congress that eventually got their independence from France. Royalists became angry and declared a civil war, but Simon won freedom for Gran Colombia. He wanted to establish a huge country that spanned across South America, but failed when the individual nation-states established their own governments. | 29 | |
| 4859149609 | The Industrial Revolution | Modern The Industrial Revolution was a time of many changes, economic, social, and educational. It took place in the 1800's and started in Britain but made it's way throughout Europe and even to Japan. The introduction of new technologies caused the efficiency and productivity of the farms to skyrocket. It also caused urbanization which led to cities rapidly growing. Early inventors and technological advancements such as Eli Whitney, who invented the cotton gin, and James Watt, who invented the steam engine, caused Britain to industrialize very quickly. There were also huge advances in science with pasteurization, vaccinations, and the invention of x-rays, and in factories, with the development of interchangeable parts and the assembly line (Henry Ford). Factory workers were usually very mistreated and exploited, from low pay to working long hours. Also because of the Industrial Revolution, a new middle class formed. | 30 | |
| 4859160771 | Capitalism | Modern Capitalism is a type of economic system based on competition in a free open market where the demand of goods and services determine their prices. The concept came to be in Europe during the Industrial Revolution. Adam Smith (Wealth of nations book) was a supporter of capitalism and believed that economic prosperity was achieved through individual production and private ownership. He also believed that capitalism was best for individuals and the nation. Capitalism meant that the government stayed out of the affairs of the person's choices and market. Laissez-Faire Capitalism is when government remove themselves entirely from regulation. | 31 | |
| 4859170471 | Karl Marx | Modern Karl Marx was a german economist and philosopher. He was against capitalism, saying that factory workers were snatched of the opportunities and were being exploited by the upper class. Marx thought that there was an entire flaw in the system rather than being just a result of capitalism. He predicted that the workers would eventually revolt and take over control. His theories and observations "marxism" were the basis for communism. | 32 | |
| 4859173824 | British East India Company | Modern British East India Company was a joint stock company that had exclusive rights over British trade with India. During the 1750's it was led by Robert Clive who conquered the Bengal region and got rid of the French in India after the rivalry between France and England, which England won. They acted as an independent government over the areas they claimed. | 33 | |
| 4859180209 | The Opium War | Modern The Opium Wars were two wars between China and Britain over the use of a drug called opium. The British introduced opium to the Chinese which led to a country wide drug habit. When the Chinese tried to put a ban on opium and the British from selling opium, the two countries ended up going to war over the trade of opium. China lost and had to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, which led to the trade of opium increasing in China. China then resisted the British attempts to expand and fought the second Opium War. Due to the humiliating loses, China became seen as an easy global target. | 34 | |
| 4859188375 | The Meiji Restoration | Modern The Meiji Restoration was a time of westernization in Japan. Political power changed, from the warrior class being abolished to the emperor gaining more power. Japan began building railways and steamships. During this time there was a period of cultural creativity that helped developed national identity. The military became stronger and service was required of all men. The Meiji Restoration led to Japan becoming a world power. | 35 | |
| 4859194301 | The Suez Canal | Modern The Suez Canal was built in Egypt which connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. It was built with help from the French. Britain became very reliant on the Suez Canal due to their colony in India, so when Egypt started selling stock to help their government, Britain purchased a lot of it. Britain had so much power that they began to control not only the canal but also some of Egypt. | 36 | |
| 4859208925 | The Emancipation Edict | Modern In Russia during the 1860's, Alexander II issued the Emancipation Edict which freed the serfs of serfdom. Unfortunately, little good came from it and serfs still lived harsh lives. They had to pay huge sums of money to the government for very small plots of land, or if they went to the city they experienced very harsh working conditions in the factories. Even though the serfs were free, they had very few privileges and still lived rough lives. | 37 | |
| 4859216367 | The Treaty of Versailles | Contemporary The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 and brought the end of World War I. France and Britain wanted to show Germany the effects of war and wanted to cripple them economically. The treaty required Germany to pay war costs, release territory, downsize their military. Along with that it also divided Austria-Hungary and created new nations (Slovakia). Because France and Britain wanted to make Germany pay for the war, both financially and socially, they didn't accept President Wilson's Fourteen Points which focused on creating peace. The goal of the treaty was to make sure Germany never threatened peace and security again, but instead it weakened Germany's economy and caused resentment among the Germans. | 38 | |
| 4859224714 | Bolsheviks | Contemporary During World War I and the Russian Revolution, Russia entered the war. They lost many people in their army and Czar Nicholas left the throne and Alexander Kerensky took over. He created a provisional government that shared power with the working class called soviets. In 1918 the soviets rallied behind the Bolsheviks, which was the socialist party, and Vladimir Lenin, who was the Marxist leader. Under his rule he issued the April Theses, which wanted peace, land for peasants, and power, and also the Bolsheviks took over the government. Created the Red Army under the command of Leon Trotsky. They nationalized the assets and industries of Russia and they signed a peace treaty (Treaty of Brest- gave Germany Russian land) with Germany which caused Russia to drop out of World War I. | 39 | |
| 4859237921 | Joseph Stalin | Contemporary Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Communist Party after the death of Lenin. Stalin discarded Lenin's New Economic Policy and created the Five Year Plans which used a method called collectivization (got fast agricultural production by taking over farms and adding them to state-owned enterprises). Under the Five Year Plans there was also the construction of nationalized factories. Stalin used tactics closer to totalitarianism rather than communism. Many people died fighting for their farms, from famine, or from being assassinated. He improved the economic condition of the USSR but used terror tactics. Stalin also set up labor camps and imprisoned people who went against him. The murders of innocent people during this time is called the "Great Purge" because millions of soviets were killed under his rule. | 40 | |
| 4859246155 | Fascism | Contemporary Fascism spread across Europe between World Wars I and II. The overall idea was to destroy the will of individuals to help "the people". People who supported fascism, called fascists, wanted a unified society with private properties and class distinction (unlike communism). Fascists rooted for extreme nationalism which relied on racial identity. | 41 | |
| 4859251394 | The Cold War | Contemporary The Cold War, which lasted from 1945 to the early 1990's, was between the two World War II superpowers, the US and Russia. Both countries wanted global domination and tried to include the rest of the world in their problems. The countries evaluated changes in countries based on its leanings to one side of the other and tried to militarily influence the countries' positions. The United States promoted capitalism and democracy while Russia promoted communism and totalitarianism. The major conflict was future security, and both Russia and the United States wanted their worldview to prosper and dominate. Also during this time, nuclear weapons became so huge that the threat of a "global holocaust" lingered. | 42 | |
| 4859259108 | Mao Zedong | Contemporary Mao Zedong was a communist who in 1949, rallied communists in northern China and went south towards the Kuomindang strongholds where they then formed the Republic of China in Taiwan. The mainland China called the People's Republic of China, ruled by Zedong, became the "real China". Under his rule he collectivized agriculture and industry. In 1950, he also implemented his plan called the Great Leap, where huge communes created a way of pushing China to its goal of being a Marxist state. The plan ultimately failed and lead to 30 million Chinese people dying of starvation. China wasn't following the Soviet Union's orders so the soviets began to not support China. Because of this Zedong built up the military and elements of capitalism were introduced, but he was upset because communism wasn't as strong in the country as it used to be. His domestic policy called the Cultural Revolution discouraged a privileged class and he made reforms to erase traces of a "Western-influences intelligentsia", which shut down schools for four years. He made people with western-influenced jobs go to collective farms for "cultural retraining" and many political dissidents were killed or imprisoned. His "Little Red Book" was a book of Zedong's communist teachings and was a popular symbol of the Cultural Revolution. | 43 | |
| 4859271749 | Fidel Castro | Contemporary Fidel Castro was the dictator of Cuba after the revolutionaries rid the Batista Dictatorship of Cuba. Castro led the revolt in 1956 against Batista. Once Batista left, he took over and established a communistic society and in 1961 he seized the industries and then nationalized them. He also killed his rivals and enemies. Also, he established strong ties with the Soviet Union. The US tried to overthrow him, but failed. | 44 | |
| 4859277367 | Mohandas Gandhi | Contemporary After the Amritsar massacre, Mohandas Gandhi became the voice of the movement against colonial rule because of his huge protests and nonviolent teachings. His philosophy of passive resistance became popular and instead of fighting with weapons, Gandhi's followers staged demonstrations. They also boycotted British imperial goods and had work strikes. One popular strike was when workers refused to act as labor for the British government's salt factories. Tension between Hindus and Muslims arose which frustrated Gandhi, so in the 1920's he called for Indian unity above religious considerations. | 45 | |
| 4859283338 | Apartheid | Contemporary Apartheid was a system that separated people by race that was established in South Africa in 1948. Black people took up nearly 80 percent of the population, but were treated like the minority. In the 1950s they were forced to move to a part of the country that was "set aside" for blacks called homelands. Homelands were horrible and had very little land to live. White people had cities and the black people who wanted to stay in the cities were forced to move to the slums. Nelson Mandela was leader of the National African Congress. | 46 | |
| 4859291371 | The PLO | Contemporary The PLO or the Palestine Liberation Organization is a group that works towards establishing an independent Palestinian state. When the Israelis and the Palestinians were fighting over the Israeli territories of West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Gaza Strip, the PLO was formed to get the land and make a Palestinian state. | 47 | |
| 4859301493 | The Iranian Revolution | Contemporary The Iranian Revolution was a time when westernization in Iran reversed. Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was the ruler, worked towards westernization by instituting land and education reforms. Women had more rights, could pursue higher careers, and also began to adopt Western dress. People who believed there was too many new reforms and people who believed there were too little began to go against the shah. In 1979, when the Iranian Revolution began, the shah was ousted and Iran went back to a theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini. The westernization programs were reversed and women lost their roles and rights in society and were forced to wear traditional Islamic clothes. | 48 | |
| 4859315808 | The Arab Spring | Contemporary The Arab Spring of 2011 helped topple the oppressive regimes in a few countries due to the social media exposure of the problems. Social media has helped spread the news about things and ultimately has changed the way news is reported. The problems in these nations were brought to importance by the use of social media. | 49 |
