AP World History Midterm Review
Units 1-4
8000 BC to 1700 CE
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| 2225017347 | Major empires of 1450-1700 | Spanish, Portuguese, French, English, Dutch, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Ottomans, Safavid, Mughal | 0 | |
| 2225017348 | Prince Henry of Portugal | Prince Henry the Navigator; wanted to spread Catholicism, gained money from capturing Ceuta in North Africa, est. Sagres Institution of Navigation | 1 | |
| 2225017349 | Sagres Institution of Navigation | improved the compass and astrolabe, vessels (lanteen and caravel-sturdier for open ocean) | 2 | |
| 2225017350 | Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 | Pope declared Spanish to west and Portuguese to east to prevent conflict among Catholic nations, an example of the pope's power | 3 | |
| 2225017351 | Zheng He's maritime expeditions | primarily to flaunt the extravagance of the Ming under Emperor Yongle, reverse tribute; ended after Yongle's death because elite thought it was a waste of money and resources | 4 | |
| 2225017352 | motives for European exploration | Enlightenment influenced adventurous/ambitious behavior; need to beat Muslims and Italians in trade; advanced ships and cannons facilitated it; new alliances between rulers and merchants | 5 | |
| 2225017353 | miscegnation | mixing of races among Spanish, Portuguese, French in American colonies | 6 | |
| 2225017354 | Spanish/Portuguese colonization pattern | strict control over colonies, enforced Catholicism | 7 | |
| 2225017355 | English/French colonization pattern | more lenient and liberal, freedom of religion | 8 | |
| 2225017356 | Reconquista | pushing the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula, started in 1212, slow process, Muslims driven out in 1492 | 9 | |
| 2225017357 | 17th century French and British political developments | in Britain, more influential Parliament, Protestant monarchs, decline in monarch's power in France, absolutist monarchs, Bourbon kings | 10 | |
| 2225017358 | most significant political change in the Americas between 1450-1700 | European colonizing over former empires/tribes | 11 | |
| 2225017359 | Potosi | silver mine in South America (modern day Bolivia), very large, required many slaves | 12 | |
| 2225017360 | increase in Atlantic slave trade | sugar plantations, end of encomienda system | 13 | |
| 2225017361 | Portuguese in Indian Ocean - 1500 | captured many ports, didn't completely gain control from Muslims but did bring in profit and break Italian monopoly on pepper | 14 | |
| 2225017362 | 1520s and 1530s Americas | overthrowing of Aztecs (by Cortez) and Incas (by Pizzarro) | 15 | |
| 2225017363 | regions in Americas with most slaves | Brazil, Caribbean, West Indies | 16 | |
| 2225017364 | higher demand for slaves in Americas | because of sugar production | 17 | |
| 2225017365 | labor systems in the Americas | indentured servitude (mostly English), encomienda (Native Americans), mit'a (Incas), slavery | 18 | |
| 2225017366 | The Middle Passage | the dangerous route on which slaves were transported from West Africa to the Americas to be sold | 19 | |
| 2225017367 | Triangular Trade | any trade across the Atlantic occurring in triangular patterns, exchanged food, manufactured products, raw goods, slaves, etc. | 20 | |
| 2225017368 | social classes of Spanish America | peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, natives | 21 | |
| 2225017369 | social classes of Brazil and Caribbean | peninsulares, creoles, mulattoes, slaves | 22 | |
| 2225017370 | Bartolome de las Casas | influenced monarch to end encomienda system in Americas, stop use of Natives for slave labor, supported Black Legend, New Laws of 1542 | 23 | |
| 2225017371 | Islamic use of slaves | women and children, for concubines and indoor slaves | 24 | |
| 2225017372 | European use of slaves | strong men, for plantation labor | 25 | |
| 2225017373 | main motive for Russian expansion in 16th-17th centuries | profitable fur trade in Siberia | 26 | |
| 2225017374 | peak of Atlantic slave trade | 1760 to 1800 | 27 | |
| 2225017375 | effects of slave trade on Africa | decreased population, new states arose with use of firearms | 28 | |
| 2225017376 | King Afonso I of the Kongo | tried to stop slave Portuguese from kidnapping slaves, was too weak to defeat them | 29 | |
| 2225017377 | British East India Company | worked with Mughal Empire through treaties to trade in India | 30 | |
| 2225017378 | Dutch East India Company | gained control of Spice Islands in SE Asia through conquer and force | 31 | |
| 2225017379 | revolutions of 1450 to 1750 | Agricultural, Religious, Scientific, Commercial | 32 | |
| 2225017380 | Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther exposing the church in 95 Theses | 33 | |
| 2225017381 | Catholic Reformation | movement to bring Catholics back, Council of Trent in Italy (Jesuits and no more indulgences) | 34 | |
| 2225017382 | Scientific Revolution | Copernicus: heliocentric model Galileo: world spins on axis Newton: gravity Kepler: elliptical planetary orbits | 35 | |
| 2225017383 | Commercial Revolution | corporations, bourgeoisie, mercantilism, capitalism | 36 | |
| 2225017384 | mercantilism | Colbert in France / factors of production controlled by government | 37 | |
| 2225017385 | Czar Peter the Great | of the Romanov family, late 1600s, promoted Westernization and Great Embassy, expanded Russia into Denmark | 38 | |
| 2225017386 | Gunpowder Empires | Ottomans, Mughal, Safavid | 39 | |
| 2225017387 | siege of Vienna in 1529 and 1638 | threat of Islamic (Ottoman) forces against Austrian Hapsburg rulers | 40 | |
| 2225017388 | Rule of Akbar | peaceful with Hindus and Muslims, gets rid of taxes for non Muslims, less discrimination, divine religion, foreign trade boomed, hired Europeans as carrier ships | 41 | |
| 2225017389 | Emperor Kangxi | allowed Jesuits into his court to learn from them | 42 | |
| 2225017390 | Canton system | Chinese restricted European trade to a specific port at Canton, taxed all the goods there, very strict | 43 | |
| 2225017391 | Macartney mission | British sent Lord Macartney to get China to loosen up on Canton System, he insulted the emperor, turned into an epic failure, China closed off trade with Europe | 44 | |
| 2225017392 | Portuguese arrival in Japan 1543 | relatively peaceful at first, they bring firearms which allows rise of Tokugawa | 45 | |
| 2225017393 | China reversed policy towards Christians | because the Pope denounced Confucism | 46 | |
| 2225017394 | Catholic missionaries in Asia | Jesuits, Dominicans, and Franciscans | 47 | |
| 2225017395 | Tokugawa view towards Christianity | in 1649 tension arose, when Pope denounced Confucism the Tokugawa banned and persecuted Christians, were only cordial with Dutch (because they didn't try to convert), became very strict with Euro contact | 48 | |
| 2225017396 | Forty Seven Ronin | emphasizes the diminishing feudalism and significance of civil law, slowly becoming centralized, emperor gaining back power | 49 | |
| 2225017397 | Hausa states and Hanseatic League | trade | 50 | |
| 2225017398 | 1750s European-Asian commerce | many restrictions on part of the Asians | 51 | |
| 2225017399 | European influence in Africa | restricted to coastal ports, no colonization (save for a few coastal colonies) | 52 | |
| 2225017400 | Portugal | began the European exploration movement | 53 | |
| 2225017401 | Ibn Battuta | Muslim traveler, went to India, Mali, and Persia | 54 | |
| 2225017402 | restrictions on Muslim women | influenced by the Byzantine and Turks, not Quran, beginning in Abbasid; women must be covered, are subservient, have no rights, can't be in politics, death for infidelity | 55 | |
| 2225017403 | Indian Ocean Commerce 1000-1450 | carried more goods, bulk items not luxury. 1) south china sea: chinese 2) SE asia to east India: indians 3) west india to east africa: muslims used monsoons to travel, Sumatra was key location | 56 | |
| 2225017404 | Muslim Christian interaction 1095-1206 | very bad; Pope Urban II initiates Crusades against Muslims | 57 | |
| 2225017405 | Mongol Empire | Genghis Khan as Great Khan in 1206. Golden Horde (Russia), Jagadai, Il-Khans (Persia), and Yuan (China). had horses, weapons, techniques, could adapt easily, recruited soldiers, intimidation, opportunists, efficient traders. *in every case, led to unity/centralization, military tech. spreading, more dangerous world, increase in cultural identity, trade increases | 58 | |
| 2225017406 | Taika reforms | borrowing bureaucratic and legal reforms from Tang China, sent boys there to study | 59 | |
| 2225017407 | Japanese fuedalism | the warrior class surpassed nobles. by 12th century, power in Japan spread among larger pool of noble families who were fighting for control over their small territories. Fujiwara family was useless, only cared about art and poetry. | 60 | |
| 2225017408 | Aztec Tribute vs. Tang Tribute | Aztecs required everyone in empire to give gifts to sustain the empire vs. Tang simply wanted to show off their extravagance and wanted respect | 61 | |
| 2225017409 | Aztecs | used road system to increase trade, demanded tribute from conquered, used dikes to use freshwater, made chinampas, grew maize | 62 | |
| 2225017410 | Inca Socialism | Incas distributed goods as needed around empire, each kinship group provided a male for state service, mita system | 63 | |
| 2225017411 | Islam spread to North Africa | through trade, merchants | 64 | |
| 2225017412 | Islam spread to Sub-Sahara/West Africa | peacefully through trade, the elite adopted it while allowing the peasants to continue their own traditions | 65 | |
| 2225017413 | Islam spread to India | violently through conquest | 66 | |
| 2225017414 | Dhow | invented by Arabs, used in Red Sea and Arabian Sea | 67 | |
| 2225017415 | Junk | invented by Chinese, used in Indian Ocean | 68 | |
| 2225017416 | syncretic beliefs | fusion of beliefs; voodoo and Santeria (Caribbean/African), Sikhism (Hinduism and Islam) | 69 | |
| 2225017417 | Solon and Pericles | thoughtful Greek politicians | 70 | |
| 2225017418 | Ancient Greece | each citystate was called a polis. constantly fought amongst each other. many slaves. Athens had first "democracy" but only free male citizens could participate | 71 | |
| 2225017419 | monarchy | a single individual holds power | 72 | |
| 2225017420 | republic | no monarch, elected officials | 73 | |
| 2225017421 | democracy | all eligible citizens have a say | 74 | |
| 2225017422 | oligarchy | rule by one privileged group | 75 | |
| 2225017423 | gentry | educated middle class appointed by Han and Rome to form bureaucracies | 76 | |
| 2225017424 | Etruscan government | originally a strict monarchy but became republic of Rome | 77 | |
| 2225017425 | Ancient Rome | representative republic; 2 consuls, Senate-patricians (noblemen) and Assembly-plebeians (normal free people) and slaves. | 78 | |
| 2225017426 | Roman vs. Han | Han more family oriented, Rome was more individualistic. No social conduct standard in Rome, and greater economic mobility. Han had more divine leadership. Christianity prevailed over previous Roman tradition. Confucism was just revival of old tradition | 79 | |
| 2225017427 | Pax Romana | 200 years of peace under Emperor Augustus | 80 | |
| 2225017428 | Emperor Constantine's Edict of Milan 313 | end of persecution of Christians | 81 | |
| 2225017429 | Confucianism | traditional Chinese religion, emphasizes political and social roles, order, five relationships (ruler and subject/parent and child/husband and wife/older bro and younger/friend and friend). Ren, Li to elders, and filial piety | 82 | |
| 2225017430 | Buddhism | Siddhartha Gautama, suffering, no more desire, nirvana, enlightenment. split into Theraveda (traditional) and Mahayana (modernized)-bodhisattvas | 83 | |
| 2225017431 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion, good vs. evil, like Christianity, monotheistic | 84 | |
| 2225017432 | Christianity | Jesus, devotion to God and love to others, forgiveness of sins=salvation=everlasting life | 85 | |
| 2225017433 | What region of the world began expanding and controlling other regions of the world in the 1450's? | EUROPE | 86 |
