The terms and definitions for the vocabulary terms in Ways of the World: Chapter 16.
Terms : Hide Images
| 6263140420 | bhakti | Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve union with the divine. | 0 | |
| 6263140421 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrines, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability. | 1 | |
| 6263140422 | Condorcet and the idea of progress | The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and mathematician who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human-trials swept away by the triumph of reason. | 2 | |
| 6263140423 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos. | 3 | |
| 6263140424 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses. | 4 | |
| 6263140425 | Charles Darwin | Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth. | 5 | |
| 6263140426 | deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly with human affairs. | 6 | |
| 6263140427 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French King Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion. | 7 | |
| 6263140428 | European Enlightenment | Europeans intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. | 8 | |
| 6263140429 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939) his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today. | 9 | |
| 6263140430 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church. | 10 | |
| 6263140431 | huacas | Local gods of the Andes. | 11 | |
| 6263140432 | Huguenots | The Protestant minority in France. | 12 | |
| 6263140433 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite to Christianity, although with limited success. | 13 | |
| 6263140434 | Kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence", Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents. | 14 | |
| 6263140435 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe. | 15 | |
| 6263140436 | Karl Marx | German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism. | 16 | |
| 6263140437 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition. | 17 | |
| 6263140438 | Guru Nanak | The founder of Sikhism (1469-1539). | 18 | |
| 6263140439 | Isaac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution. | 19 | |
| 6263140440 | Ninety-five Theses | List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517. the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity. | 20 | |
| 6263140441 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther, while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone". | 21 | |
| 6263140442 | Matteo Ricci | The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582-1610. | 22 | |
| 6263140443 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method. | 23 | |
| 6263140444 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500, combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. | 24 | |
| 6263140445 | Society of Jesus | Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe. | 25 | |
| 6263140446 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival moment in central Peru in the 1560's whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age. | 26 | |
| 6263140447 | Thirty Years' War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648). | 27 | |
| 6263140448 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778) whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticisms of established religion. | 28 | |
| 6263140449 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law). | 29 | |
| 6263140450 | Wang Yangming | Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection without the extensive education of traditional Confuciansim. | 30 |
