Terms : Hide Images
| 9998224708 | al-Qaeda | International organization of fundamentalist Islamic militants, headed by Osama bin Laden. | 0 | |
| 9998224709 | antiglobalization | Major international movement that protests the development of the global economy on the grounds that it makes the rich richer and keeps poor regions in poverty while exploiting their labor and environments; the movement burst onto the world stage in 1999 with massive protests at a meeting of the World Trade Organization in Seattle. | 1 | |
| 9998224710 | bin Laden, Osama | Wealthy Saudi Arab who turned to militant fundamentalism and is the founder and leader of al-Qaeda. | 2 | |
| 9998224711 | Bretton Woods system | Named for a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, this system provided the foundation for postwar economic globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of capital investment. | 3 | |
| 9998224712 | environmentalism | Twentieth-century movement to preserve the natural world in the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment. | 4 | |
| 9998224713 | fundamentalism | Occurring within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed return to the "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by a militant piety and exclusivism. | 5 | |
| 9998224714 | globalization | Term commonly used to refer to the massive growth in international economic transactions from around 1950 to the present. | 6 | |
| 9998224715 | global warming | A worldwide scientific consensus that the increased burning of fossil fuels and the loss of trees have begun to warm the earth's atmosphere artificially and significantly, causing climate change and leading to possibly catastrophic results if the problem is not addressed. | 7 | |
| 9998224716 | Guevara, Che | Ernesto "Che" Guevara was an Argentine-born revolutionary (1928-1967) who waged guerrilla war in an effort to remedy Latin America's and Africa's social and economic ills. | 8 | |
| 9998224717 | Hindutva | Fundamentalist Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other faith groups. | 9 | |
| 9998224718 | Islamic renewal | Large number of movements in Islamic lands that promote a return to strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia in opposition to key elements of Western culture. | 10 | |
| 9998224719 | jihad | Term used by modern militant Islamic groups to denote not just the "struggle" or "striving" that the word originally meant but also the defense of authentic Islam against Western aggression. | 11 | |
| 9998224720 | Kyoto protocol on global warming | International agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow global warming; as of November 2007, 174 countries had subscribed to the agreement, but the United States' refusal to ratify the protocol has caused international tensions. | 12 | |
| 9998224721 | liberation theology | Christian movement that is particularly active in Latin America and that argues the need for Christians to engage in the pursuit of social justice and human rights. | 13 | |
| 9998224722 | neo-liberalism | An approach to the world economy, developed in the 1970s, that favored reduced tariffs, the free movement of capital, a mobile and temporary workforce, the privatization of industry, and the curtailing of government efforts to regulate the economy. | 14 | |
| 9998224723 | North/South gap | Growing disparity between the Global North and the Global South that appears to be exacerbated by current world trade practices. | 15 | |
| 9998224724 | Pinochet, Augusto | Military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990 who was known for his widespread use of torture and for liquidating thousands of opponents of his regime. | 16 | |
| 9998224725 | Prague spring | Sweeping series of reforms instituted by communist leader Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia in 1968; the movement was subsequently crushed by a Soviet invasion. | 17 | |
| 9998224726 | reglobalization | The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them. | 18 | |
| 9998224727 | religious right | The fundamentalist phenomenon as it appeared in U.S. politics in the 1970s. | 19 | |
| 9998224728 | second-wave feminism | Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination. | 20 | |
| 9998224729 | socially engaged Buddhism | A growing movement in Asia that addresses the needs of the poor through social reform, educational programs, and health services. | 21 | |
| 9998224730 | transnational corporations | Huge global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; often abbreviated as TNCs. | 22 | |
| 9998224731 | World Trade Organization | International body representing 149 nations that negotiates the rules for global commerce and is dedicated to the promotion of free trade. | 23 | |
| 9998224795 | African National Congress | South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994. | 24 | |
| 9998224796 | Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal | Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881—1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state. | 25 | |
| 9998224797 | Black Consciousness | South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country's African majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule. | 26 | |
| 9998224798 | Boers | Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers. | 27 | |
| 9998224799 | Decolonization | Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation. | 28 | |
| 9998224800 | Democracy in Africa | A subject of debate among scholars, the democracies established in the wake of decolonization in Africa proved to be taken over by single-party authoritarian systems; Africa's initial rejection of democracy has sometimes been taken as a sign that Africans were not ready for democratic politics or that traditional African culture did not support it. | 29 | |
| 9998224801 | Economic development | A process of growth or increasing production and the distribution of the proceeds of that growth to raise living standards; nearly universal desire for economic development in the second half of the twentieth century reflected a cultural belief that poverty was no longer inevitable | 30 | |
| 9998224802 | Gandhi, Mohandas K | Usually referred to by his soubriquet "Mahatma" (Great Soul), he(1869-1948) was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain | 31 | |
| 9998224803 | Indian National Congress | Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in the governance of India; over time, the INC became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain. | 32 | |
| 9998224804 | Jinnah, Muhammad Ali | Leader of India's All-India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948). | 33 | |
| 9998224805 | Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla | Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. | 34 | |
| 9998224806 | Mandela, Nelson | South African nationalist (b. 1919) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison. | 35 | |
| 9998224807 | Muslim League | The All-India Muslim League, created in 1906, was a response to the Indian National Congress in India's struggle for independence from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan. | 36 | |
| 9998224808 | Nehru, Jawaharlal | The first prime minister of independent India (1889-1964). | 37 | |
| 9998224809 | Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza | Born in 1919, Pahlavi was shah of Iran from 1941 until he deposed and fled the country in 1979; he died in 1980. | 38 | |
| 9998224810 | Satyagraha | Literally, "truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action. | 39 | |
| 9998224811 | Soweto | Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid. | 40 | |
| 9998224732 | Berlin Wall | Wall constructed by East German authorities in 1961 to seal off East Berlin from the West; it was breached on November 9, 1989. | 41 | |
| 9998224733 | Bolsheviks | Russian revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist Party; the name "Bolshevik" means "the majority." | 42 | |
| 9998224734 | building socialism | Euphemistic expression for the often-forcible transformation of society when a communist regime came to power in a state. | 43 | |
| 9998224735 | Castro, Fidel | Revolutionary leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008 who gradually turned to Soviet communism and engendered some of the worst crises of the cold war. | 44 | |
| 9998224736 | Chinese Revolution | Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong. | 45 | |
| 9998224737 | cold war | Political and ideological state of near-war between the Western world and the communist world that lasted from 1946 to 1991. | 46 | |
| 9998224738 | collectivization | Process of rural reform undertaken by the communist leadership of both the USSR and China in which private property rights were abolished and peasants were forced onto larger and more industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than as individuals. | 47 | |
| 9998224739 | Comintern | In full, "Communist International"; Soviet organization intended to control the policies and actions of other communist states. | 48 | |
| 9998224740 | Cuban missile crisis | Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba. | 49 | |
| 9998224741 | Cultural Revolution | China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a massive campaign launched by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party; the campaign threw China into chaos. | 50 | |
| 9998224742 | Deng Xiaoping | Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy. | 51 | |
| 9998224743 | glasnost | Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of "openness," which allowed greater cultural and intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media; the result was a burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system. | 52 | |
| 9998224744 | Gorbachev, Mikhail | Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse. | 53 | |
| 9998224745 | Great Leap Forward | Major Chinese initiative (1958-1960) led by Mao Zedong that was intended to promote small-scale industrialization and increase knowledge of technology; in reality, it caused a major crisis and exacerbated the impact of a devastating famine. | 54 | |
| 9998224746 | Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution | Mao Zedong's great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that he believed had developed in China. | 55 | |
| 9998224747 | Great Purges | Also called the Terror, the Great Purges of the late 1930s were a massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people"; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag. | 56 | |
| 9998224748 | gulag | Acronym for the Soviet government agency that administered forced labor camps. | 57 | |
| 9998224749 | Guomindang | The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow by the communists in 1949. | 58 | |
| 9998224750 | Nikita Khrushchev | Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. | 59 | |
| 9998224751 | Lenin | Adopted name of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924), the main leader of Russia's communist revolution and head of the Soviet state from 1917 until his death. | 60 | |
| 9998224752 | Mao Zedong | Chairman of China's Communist Party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death in 1976. | 61 | |
| 9998224753 | McCarthyism | Wave of anticommunist fear and persecution that took place in the United States in the 1950s. | 62 | |
| 9998224754 | national security state | Form of government that arose in the United States in response to the cold war and in which defense and intelligence agencies gained great power and power in general came to be focused in the executive branch. | 63 | |
| 9998224755 | perestroika | Bold economic program launched in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev with the intention of freeing up Soviet industry and businesses. | 64 | |
| 9998224756 | Russian Revolution | Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin. | 65 | |
| 9998224757 | Joseph Stalin | Name assumed by Joseph Vissarionovich Jugashvili (1878-1953), leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death; "Stalin" means "made of steel." | 66 | |
| 9998224758 | Warsaw Pact | Military alliance of the USSR and the communist states of Eastern Europe during the cold war. | 67 | |
| 9998224759 | Zhenotdel | Women's Department of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1930; Zhenotdel worked strongly to promote equality for women. | 68 | |
| 9998224760 | blitzkrieg | German term meaning "lightning war," used to describe Germany's novel military tactics in World War II, which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. | 69 | |
| 9998224761 | European Economic Community | The EEC (also known as the Common Market) was an alliance formed by Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957 and dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually developed into the European Union. | 70 | |
| 9998224762 | European Union | The final step in a series of arrangements to increase cooperation between European states in the wake of World War II; the EU was formally established in 1994, and twelve of its members adopted a common currency (the euro) in 2002. | 71 | |
| 9998224763 | fascism | Political ideology marked by its intense nationalism and authoritarianism; its name is derived from the fasces that were the symbol of magistrates in ancient Rome. | 72 | |
| 9998224764 | flappers | Young middle-class women who emerged as a new form of social expression after World War I, flouting conventions and advocating a more open sexuality. | 73 | |
| 9998224765 | Fourteen Points | Plan of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to establish lasting peace at the end of World War I; although Wilson's views were popular in Europe, his vision largely failed. | 74 | |
| 9998224766 | Franco-Prussian War | German war with France (1870-1871) that ended with the defeat of France and the unification of Germany into a single state under Prussian rule. | 75 | |
| 9998224767 | Franz Ferdinand, Archduke | Heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, was the spark that ignited World War I. | 76 | |
| 9998224768 | Great Depression | Worldwide economic depression that began in 1929 with the New York stock market crash and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War II. | 77 | |
| 9998224769 | Great War | Name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918). | 78 | |
| 9998224770 | Adolf Hitler | Leader of the German Nazi Party (1889-1945) and Germany's head of state from 1933 until his death. | 79 | |
| 9998224771 | Holocaust | Name commonly used for the Nazi genocide of Jews and other "undesirables" in German society; Jews themselves prefer the term Shoah, which means "catastrophe," rather than Holocaust ("offering" or "sacrifice"). | 80 | |
| 9998224772 | Kristallnacht | Literally, "crystal night"; name given to the night of November 9, 1938, when Nazi-led gangs smashed and looted Jewish shops throughout Germany. | 81 | |
| 9998224773 | League of Nations | International peacekeeping organization created after World War I; first proposed by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points. | 82 | |
| 9998224774 | Manchukuo | Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931. | 83 | |
| 9998224775 | Marshall Plan | Huge U.S. government initiative to aid in the post-World War II restoration of Europe that was masterminded by U.S. secretary of state George Marshall and put into effect in 1947. | 84 | |
| 9998224776 | Benito Mussolini | Charismatic leader of the Italian fascist party (1883-1945) who came to power in 1922. | 85 | |
| 9998224777 | Nanjing, Rape of | The Japanese army's systematic killing, mutilation, and rape of the Chinese civilian population of Nanjing in 1938. | 86 | |
| 9998224778 | NATO | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military and political alliance founded in 1949 that committed the United States to the defense of Europe in the event of Soviet aggression. | 87 | |
| 9998224779 | Nazi Germany | Germany as ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party from 1933 to 1945, a fascist state dedicated to extreme nationalism, territorial expansion, and the purification of Germany. | 88 | |
| 9998224780 | Nazi Party | Properly known as the National Socialist Democratic Workers' Party, the Nazi party was founded in Germany shortly after World War I and advocated a strongly authoritarian and nationalist regime based on notions of racial superiority. | 89 | |
| 9998224781 | New Deal | A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. | 90 | |
| 9998224782 | Nuremberg Laws | Series of laws passed by the Nazi-dominated German parliament in 1935 that ended German citizenship for Jews, forbade sexual relations between Jews and Germans and mandated that Jews identify themselves in public by wearing the Star of David. | 91 | |
| 9998224783 | Revolutionary Right (Japan) | Also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in Japanese political life ca. 1930-1945 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to foreign expansion. | 92 | |
| 9998224784 | total war | War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population, its economy, and its propaganda in the effort to defeat the enemy. | 93 | |
| 9998224785 | Treaty of Versailles | 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II. | 94 | |
| 9998224786 | Triple Alliance | An alliance consisting of Germany, Austria, and Italy that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I. | 95 | |
| 9998224787 | Triple Entente | An alliance consisting of Russia, France, and Britain that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I. | 96 | |
| 9998224788 | United Nations | International peacekeeping organization and forum for international opinion, established in 1945. | 97 | |
| 9998224789 | Weimar Republic | The weak government that replaced the German imperial state at the end of World War I; its failure to take strong action against war reparations and the Great Depression provided an opportunity for the Nazi Party's rise to power. | 98 | |
| 9998224790 | Woodrow Wilson | President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 who was especially noted for his idealistic approach to the end of World War I, which included advocacy of his Fourteen Points intended to regulate future international dealings and a League of Nations to enforce a new international order; although his vision largely failed, Wilson was widely respected for his views. | 99 | |
| 9998224791 | World War I | The "Great War" (1914-1918), in essence a European civil war with global implications that was marked by massive casualties, the expansion of offensive military technology beyond tactics and means of defense, and a great deal of disillusionment with the whole idea of "progress." | 100 | |
| 9998224792 | World War II in Asia | A struggle essentially to halt Japanese imperial expansion in Asia, fought by the Japanese against primarily Chinese and American foes. | 101 | |
| 9998224793 | World War II in Europe | A struggle essentially to halt German imperial expansion in Europe, fought by a coalition of allies that included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. | 102 | |
| 9998224794 | zaibatsu | The huge industrial enterprises that dominated the Japanese economy in the period leading up to World War II. | 103 | |
| 9998224812 | Abd al-Hamid II | Ottoman Sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution at the start of his reign but suspended it shortly afterward, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the next three decades. | 104 | |
| 9998224813 | Boxer Rebellion | Rebellion led by Chinese militia organizations (1898-1901) in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. | 105 | |
| 9998224814 | Chinese Revolution, 1911-1912 | The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. | 106 | |
| 9998224815 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration | 107 | |
| 9998224816 | Hong Xiuquan | Chinese religious leader (1814-1864) who sparked the Taiping uprising and won millions due to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace"on earth. | 108 | |
| 9998224817 | Informal Empire | Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China. | 109 | |
| 9998224818 | Meiji Restoration | The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power to the emperor Meiji. | 110 | |
| 9998224819 | Matthew Perry | U.S. navy commodore who in 1852 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world. | 111 | |
| 9998224820 | Opium Wars | Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China had lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. | 112 | |
| 9998224821 | Russo-Japanese War, 1904- 1905 | Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. | 113 | |
| 9998224822 | Samurai | Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became and administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji Restoration. | 114 | |
| 9998224823 | Self-strengthening Movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. | 115 | |
| 9998224824 | Selim III | Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reform of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures. | 116 | |
| 9998224825 | "the Sick Man of Europe" | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a name based on the Ottoman sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period. | 117 | |
| 9998224826 | Social Darwinism | An application of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theories to an understanding of human history, exemplified by the concept of the "survival of the fittest." | 118 | |
| 9998224827 | Taiping Uprising | massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of China between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millennium teachings of Hong Xiquan. | 119 | |
| 9998224828 | Tanzimat Reforms | Important reformist measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization." | 120 | |
| 9998224829 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868. | 121 | |
| 9998224830 | Unequal Treaties | Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. | 122 | |
| 9998224831 | Young Ottomans | Group of would-be reformers in the mid-19th-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system. | 123 | |
| 9998224832 | Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed around 1900 and eventually brought down the Ottoman Empire. | 124 |
