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| 2091508493 | Axum | Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity | 0 | |
| 2091508763 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphone | 1 | |
| 2091509222 | Battle of Tours | (October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain | 2 | |
| 2091510252 | Benin | A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century | 3 | |
| 2091510595 | Bourbons | (18th century) A dynasty in Spain which launced a seiries of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy; influenced Charless III | 4 | |
| 2091510852 | Burghers | Dutch equivalence of bourgeoisie; the middle class | 5 | |
| 2091511239 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; capital at Constantinople | 6 | |
| 2091512129 | Caliphate | Political and religious successors to Muhammad | 7 | |
| 2091512550 | Carolingian Dynasty | (8-10th century) Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne | 8 | |
| 2091513219 | Code of Bushido | (Formulated 14th century) Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status | 9 | |
| 2091518468 | Code of chivalry | Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honor and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct. | 10 | |
| 2091519098 | Crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms) | 11 | |
| 2091544265 | Daimyo | warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate | 12 | |
| 2091544703 | Dome of the Rock | Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven | 13 | |
| 2091545120 | Eleanor of Aquitaine | Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204 | 14 | |
| 2091545714 | Emperor Xuanzong | (reigned 713-755) Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion | 15 | |
| 2091546183 | Feudalism | system where lords provided protection/aid to serfs in return for labor | 16 | |
| 2091546653 | Golden Horde | one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia | 17 | |
| 2091546819 | Hagia Sophia | large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian | 18 | |
| 2091547155 | Hanseatic League | organization of cities in N. Germany/Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 19 | |
| 2091547479 | Heresies | any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion | 20 | |
| 2091548625 | Incan | Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures. Term also used for leader of empire | 21 | |
| 2091548821 | Inquisition | An investigation; A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy | 22 | |
| 2091555605 | Interregnum | The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor | 23 | |
| 2091556434 | Joan of Arc | A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. Joan of Arc is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church | 24 | |
| 2091556889 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile C 100 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 25 | |
| 2091561113 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 26 | |
| 2091561578 | Mansa Musa | African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca, and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly | 27 | |
| 2091562351 | Mesoamerica | Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus | 28 | |
| 2091562593 | Middle Ages | The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three 'ages': the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times | 29 | |
| 2091562985 | Pepin | Mayor of the Palace of the whole Frankish kingdom (both Austrasia and Neustria), and later King of the Franks; born 714; died at St. Denis, 24 September, 768. He was the son of Charles Martel | 30 | |
| 2091563314 | Pope | Pope in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops | 31 | |
| 2091563751 | Primogeniture | an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son | 32 | |
| 2091564032 | quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system...could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records | 33 | |
| 2091564631 | Spanish Inquisition | In the Middle Ages, a judicial procedure that was used to combat heresy... in Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478; the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crown...the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake | 34 | |
| 2091580330 | Avicenna | Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine" | 35 | |
| 2091580738 | Orthodox | The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and doxa ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Each is headed by a bishop; most are related to a specific country, as in Serbian, Russian and Greek Orthodox | 36 | |
| 2091583741 | Mali Empire | model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms, Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa | 37 | |
| 2091609877 | shifting cultivation | When farming occurs over several patches of land, rotatingly so that nutrients of the soil will not be depleted | 38 | |
| 2091610236 | nation-states | Autonomous state with people sharing a common culture/history/language | 39 | |
| 2091611088 | humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular to the study of ancient languages | 40 | |
| 2091611580 | Counter-reformation | The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism | 41 |
