AP World History (600-1450) from Barron 's flash cards + miscellaneous sources
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| 11409526976 | Muhammad | About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah. He believed in on God / Allah's words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and compiled in Quran |  | 0 |
| 11409526977 | Expansion of Islam | Work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages / 633-637, Muslims took control of the Byzantine Syria and Palestine and seized most of the Mesopotamia from the Sassanids / 640, Muslims conquered Byzantine Egypt and North Africa / 651, Muslims controlled the Sassanid dynasty and Persia / 781 Muslims controlled Hindu India, north Africa, and the lberian Peninsula / Muslims allowed conquered people (especially Christians and Jews) to maintain their own religious practices but required those who did not convert to Islam to pay a tax (jizya) / Positions of power and authority were reserved for Muslims |  | 1 |
| 11409526978 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234) |  | 2 |
| 11409526979 | Commercial Trade within Eastern Hemisphere | Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road / Classical roads, originally commissioned by India and Persia and revived by Muslims, provided quick and efficient travel through the dar al-Islam / Overland trade was conducted by camel caravan / Caravansaries provided lodging, food, and water for traveling merchants and their animals | 3 | |
| 11409526980 | Technological Trade within Eastern Hemisphere | Technological advances such as compass, the lateen sail, and the astrolabe led to increasing travel in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean |  | 4 |
| 11409526981 | Abbasids Trade within Eastern Hemisphere | Abbasids encouraged larger-scale trade by re-instituting letters of credit--sakk (checks, an idea later used in Europe) | 5 | |
| 11409526982 | The Quran and Women 1 | Improved the security of women in Arabian society: outlawed female infanticide and ruled that dowries go to the bride | 6 | |
| 11409526983 | The Quran and Women 2 | Described women as honorable individuals equal to men, not property | 7 | |
| 11409526984 | The Quran and Women 3 | Both the Quran and Sharia emphasized male dominance: descent through the male line, male inheritance, strict control of women by male guardians | 8 | |
| 11409526985 | The Quran and Women 4 | Social customs were influenced by islamic beliefs: men were permitted to take up to four wives (polygamy), women were veiled in public |  | 9 |
| 11409526986 | Dar al-Islam | Arabic term referring to the 'house of Islam' and the lands under Islamic terms | 10 | |
| 11409526987 | Persian Influences on the Dar al-Islam | Administrative techniques; ideas of kingship (greatly influence caliphs); Persian, the language of literature, poetry, history, and political thought (for example, The Arabian Nights) |  | 11 |
| 11409526988 | Indian Influences on the Dar al-Islam | Mathematics, Arabic/Hindi numbers, symbols for zero, algebra, trigonometry, geometry |  | 12 |
| 11409526989 | Greek Influences on the Dar al-Islam | Philosophy, science, medical writings (especially Plato and Aristotle). Arabic Libraries and museums held translated Greek and Roman works |  | 13 |
| 11409526990 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. |  | 14 |
| 11409526991 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. |  | 15 |
| 11409526992 | Sui Dynasty | As one of the ephemeral dynasties in Chinese history, this existed for only 38 years, was established by Yang Jian in 581. Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; Most elaborate project was the Grand Canal. |  | 16 |
| 11409526993 | Tang Dynasty | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. Confucian ruler. Maintained empire through a system of roads with horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, and stables. Equitable distribution of agricultural land kept land out of the hands of wealthy elite. Government jobs in extensive bureaucracy were merit based, determined through a series of civil service examination. Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and the northern part of Vietnam |  | 17 |
| 11409526994 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325) |  | 18 |
| 11409526995 | Song Dynasty | Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. |  | 19 |
| 11409526996 | Scholar bureaucrats' limited Military experience | Reasons for Song's Military Failure | 20 | |
| 11409526997 | Neo-Confucianism | Developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism. Shows the influence that Buddhism had on Chinese Society and throughout East Asia over a long period | 21 | |
| 11409526998 | Heian period | Name the Japan's period where power was centralized in Fujiwara family; boys only received a formal education based on Chinese values; women contributed to Japanese literature |  | 22 |
| 11409526999 | equal field system | Decline resulted from a failure of this system; land became concentrated in the hands of a small group of wealthy elite | 23 | |
| 11409527000 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333) |  | 24 |
| 11409527001 | Daimyo | (in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun. Feudal Warriors in Japan |  | 25 |
| 11409527002 | Shogun | a hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867. |  | 26 |
| 11409527003 | Samurai | a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, esp. a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos. They observed bushido (the way of the warrior), which emphasized the importance of loyalty to the warrior's lord |  | 27 |
| 11409527004 | Tokugawa dynasty | This Dynasty ended Japan's medieval period. Centralized power and unified Japan in the sixteenth century | 28 | |
| 11409527005 | Frankish Empire | Built a society based on agriculture in northern region of Europe (France, Germany, and Low Countries) and oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions in those areas. |  | 29 |
| 11409527006 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. |  | 30 |
| 11409527007 | Clovis | During the period of 465-511, he was the king of the Franks. He extended Merovingian rule to Gaul and Germany, making Paris his capital. After his conversion to Christianity, he championed orthodoxy against the Arian Visigoths, finally defeating them in the battle of Poitiers |  | 31 |
| 11409527008 | Frankish | Unification of this western Europeans made possible Muslim defeat at Tours in circa 732 |  | 32 |
| 11409527009 | Carolingian Empire | This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany. |  | 33 |
| 11409527010 | Feudalism | Basic concept refers to the political and social order of medieval Europe; based on a heriarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs |  | 34 |
| 11409527011 | Vassal | a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lord |  | 35 |
| 11409527012 | Feudal System | Independent of European System, instituted in Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate |  | 36 |
| 11409527013 | Fiefs | Land was given in exchange for protection; lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassals |  | 37 |
| 11409527014 | Chivalry | Feudalism code of conduct in Europe |  | 38 |
| 11409527015 | Bushido | Feudalism code of conduct in Japan |  | 39 |
| 11409527016 | Knights | Feudalism warriors in Europe |  | 40 |
| 11409527017 | Emperor | What do you call feudal ruler of Japan. Really a fugurehead, control rested with shogun | 41 | |
| 11409527018 | Manor in medieval Europe | A large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. |  | 42 |
| 11409527019 | Manor | A large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, domestic animals, lakes, rivers, and the serfs bound to the land. |  | 43 |
| 11409527020 | manors | Small local markets (usually located near monasteries) with goods they could not produce themselves (examples: salt) |  | 44 |
| 11409527021 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. |  | 45 |
| 11409527022 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. |  | 46 |
| 11409527023 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. |  | 47 |
| 11409527024 | Pax Romana | What is the Latin word for 'Roman Peace': The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of culture/ideas |  | 48 |
| 11409527025 | Roman Peace | What do you call that Roman period, where: was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the powerful Roman Empire in the first and second centuries AD. Since it was established by the Emperor Augustus it is sometimes called Pax Augustus. ... | 49 | |
| 11409527026 | Feudal Monarchies | With strong central power uniting western Europe after the fall of Rome, regional monarchies developed in France and England | 50 | |
| 11409527027 | Hugh Capet | He was the king of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) . He succeeded the Carolingians; his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, used their power and resources to systematically consolidate and expand their power |  | 51 |
| 11409527028 | Capetian dynasty | Hugh Capet, the king of France elected in 987 and founding this dynasty (during 940-996) |  | 52 |
| 11409527029 | Norman dukes | These were English feudal monarchies, who built a tightly knit state in which all power disseminated from them |  | 53 |
| 11409527030 | Bologna, Genoa, Mila, FLorence and venice | These feudal monarchies were found in this papacy (the government of the Roman Catholic Church) and Italian city-states | 54 | |
| 11409527031 | Papacy | the government of the Roman Catholic Church |  | 55 |
| 11409527032 | Feudal Monarchies | Maintained order, provided relatively stable and effective government, later provided impetus (a force that moves something along) for ocean-going explorations | 56 | |
| 11409527033 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century / A trade network that developed in the Baltic and North Sea; encompassed the commercial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; linked to Mediterranean through the Rhine and Danube River |  | 57 |
| 11409527034 | Franks solidified Christianity | Who solidified Christianity as a foundation of the empire when Clovis converted | 58 | |
| 11409527035 | Pope Gregory I | Which pope protected the city of Rome and the church by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense; he reasserted papl supremacy and increased the role and importance of the church in people's lives |  | 59 |
| 11409527036 | Ghengis Khan | The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'oceanic' or 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire. |  | 60 |
| 11409527037 | Karakorum | Where was Ghengis Khan's luxurious capital? |  | 61 |
| 11409527038 | Marco Polo | Who traveled from Italy to China during Mongol times? |  | 62 |
| 11409527039 | Kublai Khan | Marco Polo was introduced to which Mongol King by his father and uncle? |  | 63 |
| 11409527040 | Jurasalem | European crusaders tried to recapture which state from the Muslims | 64 | |
| 11409527041 | Abbasid Empire | Mongols attacked which Muslim empire from the east? |  | 65 |
| 11409527042 | Kublai Khan | Who was the grandson of Chinggis? | | 66 |
| 11409527043 | Kublai Khan | Who consolidated Mongols rule in China? | | 67 |
| 11409527044 | Mongol Empire | Which empire failed to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java and Japan? |  | 68 |
| 11409527045 | Golden Horde | What is the name of a group of Mongols which overran Russia during 1237-1241 and also explored Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany? | | 69 |
| 11409527046 | Hulegu | Which of the Mongol Emperors conquered the Abbasid Empire in Persia and attempted to expand to Syria, but failed? |  | 70 |
| 11409527047 | il-khanate | Mongol rule in Persia deferred to local Persian authorities, who administered *whom* as long as they delivered taxes to the Mongols and maintained order? | 71 | |
| 11409527048 | Yuan Dynasty | Mongol Empire established *which* dynasty in China in 1279? |  | 72 |
| 11409527049 | Pax Mongolica | Mongol Empire established Yuan Dynasty in China in 1279, ushering in a period known as *what*? |  | 73 |
| 11409527050 | bubonic plague | In China, one of the growing list of problems for Mongols to deal, inflation and epidemic disease. What was the name of the disease which resulted in depopulation and labor shortage? |  | 74 |
| 11409527051 | depopulation and labor shortage | During Mongols empire, what did Bubonic plague do in China? | 75 | |
| 11409527052 | Mongols | Bubonic plague started during whose empire? | | 76 |
| 11409527053 | Osman | Ottoman empire was established by whom? |  | 77 |
| 11409527054 | Ottoman Empire | Name the empire, which was established by Osman when he declared independence from Seljuk sultan and begsan to build a state out of the declining Byzantine Empire in 1299 |  | 78 |
| 11409527055 | Istanbul | In 1453, Sultan Mehmud II (Mehmud the conquerer) captured Constantinople and renamed it to what? |  | 79 |
| 11409527056 | Byzantine Empire, Greece, Balkan region | By 1480 Ottomans controlled these THREE regions. Could you name them? | 80 | |
| 11409527057 | Ghana | Primary State of West Africa--located between the Senegal and Niger rivers ca 750-1250 |  | 81 |
| 11409527058 | trans-Saharan trade | Ghana became increasingly important as a result of increased *what*? |  | 82 |
| 11409527059 | south | Ghana did not produce gold but acquired from the *where*? | 83 | |
| 11409527060 | gold taxation ivory slaves | Ghana strengthen its empire through these FOUR activities | 84 | |
| 11409527061 | gold | Ghana received horses, cloth, manufactured goods and salt in exchange of *what*? | 85 | |
| 11409527062 | Han Dynasty | Silk road was established in *which* dynasty? |  | 86 |
| 11409527063 | silk roads and sea | In eastern hemisphere goods traveled through two primary routes | 87 | |
| 11409527064 | Major Trading cities | Hangzhou, Alexandria, Khanbaliq, Kilwa, Constantinople, Quanzhou, Cairo, Melaka, Venice, Cambay, Timbuktu and Caffa were *what* during the Eastern Hemisphere study? |  | 88 |
| 11409527065 | Black Death | Name the famous period where the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe |  | 89 |
| 11409527066 | trade | Larger ships and improved commercial organization led to an increase in the quantity and quality of *what* in the Indian ocean basin? | 90 | |
| 11409527067 | Rhythms of monsoons taken into account, larger ships able to go farther from the coastline, warehouses built to store goods | Name 3 advances in planning when trading in Indian Ocean started | 91 | |
| 11409527068 | monsoons | When trading in Indian ocean, trade conducted in stages because *this weather* forced mariners to stay in ports for months awaiting for favorable winds |  | 92 |
| 11409527069 | Indian ports | What are these Cambay, Calicut, Quilon |  | 93 |
| 11409527070 | trading route between China and Africa | What was the importance of Indian ports Cambay, Calicut, Quilon? |  | 94 |
| 11409527071 | gold iron ivory | During trading in the Indian ocean, East African city-states traded these 3 minerals | 95 | |
| 11409527072 | silk and porcelain | During trading in the Indian ocean, China provided these 2 things, What were the two most important Chinese exports at the time of the Tang and Song dynasties? (rice and silk/spices and tea/silk and porcelain/jade and paper) | 96 | |
| 11409527073 | Sahara | Name the largest desert in the world. Means "desert" in Arabic. It stretches about 3,000 miles across the continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, & also runs 1,200 miles from north to south. Temperatures can rise as high as 136.4°F in the summer, hot enough to fry an egg on the sand. But temperatures can also fall below freezing at night in winter. Only about 20% of the this desert consists of sand. Towering mountains, rock formations, & gravelly plains make up the rest. For instance, the Tibesti Mountains, located mostly in northwestern Chad, rise to heights of more than 11,000 feet. Other African deserts include the Kalahari & the Namib |  | 97 |
| 11409527074 | Ghana Mali Songhai | During the Trans-Saharan trading time, Kingdoms such as these three countries of western Africa were important in connecting the Mediterranean basin to sub-Sahara Africa |  | 98 |
| 11409527075 | North Africa | Arab conquerors established islam in this area during the seventh and eighth centuries, coinquered Ghana in West Africa, and converted leaders of Mali and Songhai | 99 | |
| 11409527076 | Mali and Songhai | Arab conquerors established Islam in North Africa during the seventh and eighth centuries, coinquered Ghana in West Africa, and converted leaders of these 2 countries | 100 | |
| 11409527077 | dar al-Islam | Islamic merchants were an important part of the trans-Saharan trade and later introduced Islam to Mansa Musa in Mali spreading *what*? | 101 | |
| 11409527078 | south north | Gold, slaves, ivory from *where* were exchanged for cloth, horses, salt and manufactures wares from *where* | 102 | |
| 11409527079 | Zheng He | was a Chinese mariner of Turkic/Semu descent, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who made the voyages collectively referred to as the travels of "Eunuch Sanbao to the Western Ocean" (Chinese: 三保太監下西洋) or "Zheng He to the Western Ocean", from 1405 to 1433 |  | 103 |
| 11409527080 | Mansa Musa | ruled Mali from 1312 to 1332; spread interest in Mali as he journied to Mecca |  | 104 |
| 11409527081 | Mansa Musa | a king of Mali in the 1300s |  | 105 |
| 11409527082 | Mansa Musa | this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa |  | 106 |
| 11409527083 | Mansa Musa | made hajj to Mecca with thousands of slaves each carrying 5lb. bar of gold, europeans wanted slaves and money so they wanted to hook up with West Africa | | 107 |
| 11409527084 | Mansa Musa | king of the Mali empire in West Africa, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali | | 108 |
| 11409527085 | Mansa Musa | built mosques to honor Islam and sent subjects to study under muslim scholars | | 109 |
| 11409527086 | Mansa Musa | this king established religious schools with Arabian and North African teachers | | 110 |
| 11409527087 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373) | | 111 |
| 11409527088 | Ibn Battuta | a young Arab lawyer from Morocco, who, in 1325 began his travles through the muslim world for 30 years, covering a distance of more than 73,000 miles | 112 | |
| 11409527089 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. |  | 113 |
| 11409527090 | Ibn Battuta | was a Moroccan scholar and traveller who is known for the account of his travels and excursions called the Rihla (Voyage). His journeys lasted for a period of nearly thirty years and covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors and his near-contemporary Marco Polo. | | 114 |
| 11409527091 | Bantus | This east African culture migrated to the eastern coast of Africa--bringing agriculture, cattle herding, and iron metallurgy--and developed complex societies governed by small, local states | 115 | |
| 11409527092 | Swahili | a Bantu language widely used as a lingua franca in East Africa and having official status in several countries. Also called Kiswahili . |  | 116 |
| 11409527093 | Swahili | a Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast | 117 | |
| 11409527094 | Swahili | controlled the eastern coast of Africa from Mogadishu to Kilwa and the Comoro Islands and Sofala | 118 | |
| 11409527095 | crusades | 1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade |  | 119 |
| 11409527096 | crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 120 | |
| 11409527097 | crusades | wars to recapture the holy land of Palestine from Muslims | 121 | |
| 11409527098 | Results of Crusades | christians failed to recapture the holyland, feudalism declined, power of kings increased, cultual diffusion, trade grew, conflict between christian, Jews, Muslims, grew | 122 | |
| 11409527099 | Results of Crusades | European-Middle Eastern contact stimulated commerce; breach between Eastern and Western Christianity did not heal; deep seeded hostility arose among Christians, Muslims, and Jews; Europe failed to hold onto Holy Land very long; facilitated exchange of ideas | 123 | |
| 11409527100 | Results of Crusades | European technology improved | 124 | |
| 11409527101 | Results of Crusades | Byzantine Empire, feudal nobles, and papal (of or relating to a pope or to the papacy.) power and the church were weakened | 125 | |
| 11409527102 | Oceania | a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago) |  | 126 |
| 11409527103 | Development of Oceania | Aboriginal people of Australia, isolated from other societies, created trade and exchange networks with other hunting and gathering societies as far away as 1000 miles. Traded items such as stone clubs, trinkets (a small ornament or item of jewelry that is of little value), flowers, and iron axes. New Guineans herded swine and cultivated toot crops. This development had no contact with advanced societies until late 1700s | 127 | |
| 11409527104 | Ming Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. Founded by Taizu. Chinese dynasty that provided an interval of native rule between eras of Mongol and Manchu dominance. |  | 128 |
| 11409527105 | eunuchs | these kind of people (sterile men who could not produce a family to challenge the dynasty) were used to increase the power of central government during the Ming Dynasty |  | 129 |
| 11409527106 | Sufis | mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life |  | 130 |
| 11409527108 | Road Systems | A characteristic of both Rome and Incan society | 131 | |
| 11409527109 | rapid increase in population, shift of political power in China | results of the introduction of Champa rice | 132 | |
| 11409527110 | germanic invasions, high taxes, inflation, loss of loyalty | reasons for decline of Rome |  | 133 |
| 11409527111 | Cultural diffusion, including language and religon | result of diasporic communities | 134 | |
| 11409527112 | Jews in Mediterranean, Muslim merchants in Southeast Asia, Chinese in Southeast Asia, Muslims in India | examples of diasporic commuinities | 135 | |
| 11409527113 | The Pillow Book and The Tale of Genji | books written by Japanese elite women that gave insight into life in upperclass Japanese society |  | 136 |
| 11409527114 | Why can it be argued that the Hanseatic League was essential for political success during the Middle Ages? | 137 | ||
| 11409527115 | What factors led to the demise and revitalization of urban areas during between 600-1450. Give specific examples of a city that fell and city that reached its peak at this time? | 138 | ||
| 11409527116 | How were the Japanese and European feudal structures different? | 139 | ||
| 11409527117 | What impact did the Pax Mongolica have on the Afro-Eurasian world? | 140 | ||
| 11409527118 | What role did the church play in European Middle Ages? | 141 | ||
| 11409527119 | How did trade change over the period of 600-1450? What stayed the same? | 142 | ||
| 11409527120 | Do you know your 16 "connections"? | 143 | ||
| 11409527121 | Can you put events in chronological order? | 144 |
