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| 4867947576 | Greek Philosophy | Basic ideas in Greco-Roman philosophy and science focus on logic, empirical observation, and the genesis of political power and hierarchy. | 0 | |
| 4867952466 | Aristotle | Aristotle, a disciple of Plato (teacher of Aristotle), rejected the theory of forms and ideas; he believed people could depend on their senses and reason to answer the mysteries of the world. He Taught Alexander the Great. | 1 | |
| 4867956628 | Hinduism | Salvation is achieved by individuals who meet responsibilities by obeying laws of their caste, not material success. A person is reincarnated on the basis of behavior into one of four castes (and later a fifth, untouchables). It is the world's oldest organized religion, originated in India. Limited spread beyond India. | 2 | |
| 4867963339 | Dharma | In Hinduism, righteousness (obey religious and moral laws) | 3 | |
| 4867964865 | artha | In Hinduism, wealth (to uphold dharma and provide for family and society) | 4 | |
| 4867964866 | karma | In Hinduism, desire (take pleasure in social, physical, and sexual activities) | 5 | |
| 4867968464 | moshka | In Hinduism, salvation of the soul | 6 | |
| 4867970063 | Roman Law | Established basic rights of defendants: They were innocent until proven guilty and could challenge their accusers in court. Power ultimately rested in the hands of the judge, who had the authority to set aside laws deemed to be unfair. | 7 | |
| 4867973207 | Twelve Tables | Roman law was first recorded c. 450 B.C.E. here and were meant to provide a standardized system of law throughout the early empire. | 8 | |
| 4867980583 | Warring States | Time of disunity for China (403-221 b.c.e): many independent states adopted legalists philosophies as the basis for their culture. Development of three significant schools of thought-confucianism, legalism, daoism. This period is also referred to as the hundred school of thought | 9 | |
| 4867986028 | Persian Wars | Fought between Greeks and Achaemenids (500-479 B.C.E)- led to demise of the empire. Began when lonial Greek cities revolted against their governors. Delian League (Led by Athens) formed to discourage future Persian aggression Darius put down rebellions and reasserted Achaemenid power but ultimately lost to the Athenian army of 10,000 men at Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E) | 10 | |
| 4867993427 | Qin Dynasty | Chinese Dynasty used Legalist philosophy to restore order and stability to China and end the Warring States period. Gave peasants land rights to farm remote territories, a practice that weakened traditional social hierarchy. | 11 | |
| 4867993428 | Magnetic Compass | Its origin is hard to date, but it is certainly a Chinese invention that was in wide use during the time of the Song dynasty(960 C.E - 1279 C.E). Knowledge of this instrument spread from China across the Indian Ocean; used by Arab and Persian sailors in the 100s (C.E). Europeans began using it in the 1100s (C.E). This technology played a key role in European exploration. | 12 | |
| 4868005574 | Teotihuacan | An example of an imperial city built in Mexico because of the abundant supplies of fish; developed agriculture by 500 B.C.E, rapid expansion after 200 B.C.E. Artwork suggests a theoretic government. Priests were crucial to the survival of society. They kept a calendar and scheduled planting and harvesting. | 13 | |
| 4868015180 | Abbasid Dynasty | A Muslim Empire headquartered in Baghdad, this dynasty allowed Muslims as well as Persians, Egyptians, and Mesopotamians to rise to positions of power and wealth. In 750 the Umayyad dynasty ended after a rebellion in Persia led by Abu al-Abbas, who founded this dynasty, a Muslim state, the main source of power in the Dar al-islam ("house of Islam"). | 14 | |
| 4868021721 | Daoism | Central concept: "the way" or ''the way of nature'' or "the way of cosmos"--like water, it is soft yet can also erode the strongest rocks. Came up with an alternative solution to end the Warring States period. Contrary to Confucian beliefs, these thinkers reflected on natural principles that govern the world to achieve harmony with nature. | 15 | |
| 4868030212 | Zoroastrianism | A religion based on the teachings of Zarathustra, who left his family at the age of twenty in search of wisdom and proclaimed that the supreme god Mazda had chosen him to be the prophet and spread his message. Major Belief: The material word is a blessing. Teachings of Ahura Mazda allow enjoyment of everything the world has to offer (wealth, sexual pleasure, and social status), but in moderation. | 16 | |
| 4868039867 | Emperor Wudi | Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government post because the was no uniform system of public education. His policy of imperial expansion led to invasions of northern Vietnam and Korea (which then had to pay tribute to Han China) and battles with the Xiongnu, nomads from Asia. The Han conquered everyone they challenged. | 17 | |
| 4868051364 | Julius Caesar | Named himself dictator of the Roman Empire (for life, not six months as was the past precedent). Aristocratic conspirators, upset by loss of power and wealth, plotted to execute him in 44 B.C.E. in an attempt to restore the republic. Thirteen years of civil conflict followed. | 18 | |
| 4868065228 | Legalism | One of the major philosophies that emerged from hundred schools of thought during the warring states period in Chinese History. Community has a collective responsibility for the law people should watch other closely.notable people shang yang. | 19 | |
| 4868071024 | Achaemenid Administration | Government relied on a balance between central administration and locally appointed governors. Darius divided the empire into twenty-three satrapies-administrative and taxation districts governed by satraps-in which he regularized tax levies and standardized laws (he did not push direct rule on the subject). | 20 | |
| 4868074028 | Athens | A city-state in classical Greece whose government was based n democratic principles. However, only free adult males could participate in government. World's first democracy (women and slaves, however, could not vote—only approximately 40,000 of the 450,000 inhabitants of the polis were eligible to vote); had a great impact on the development of later governments. | 21 | |
| 4868079570 | Early Byzantine Empire | Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity in 313 c.e. He then relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the east because the eastern Mediterranean was wealthier and the move allowed him to spy on enemies in the east. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and included lands in Greece, the Balkans, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and northeastern Africa. | 22 | |
| 4868082541 | Jainism | Indian belief system popularized by Vardhamana Mahavira ("the great hero"). Disciples referred to Mahavira as Jina ("the conqueror") and called themselves Jains. Contradictory to the caste system, because if all living things possessed a soul, there should not be rigid social classes (belief especially popular among lower classes). Also, following the principle of non-violence, kings were more tolerant. | 23 | |
| 4868118758 | Silk Road | Trade route that connected the Han and Roman empires in classical times. Facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and disease. Following the fall of the Han and Roman Empires, the route was revived in post-classical times, first by the Tang and Song and later by the Mongols. | 24 | |
| 4868127919 | Hellenistic Philosophies | Epicureans, Skeptics, and Stoics dominated classical Hellenistic Philosophy. During this time period, Greek Philosophy deals with traditional issues of nature, reality, and knowledge as well as how to attain happiness. | 25 | |
| 4868131946 | Epicureans | Classical Greek Philosophers who believed that individual needs could not be met through reflection. Pleasure is the greatest good. | 26 | |
| 4868136230 | Skeptics | Classical Greek Philosophers who doubted the existence of absolute certain knowledge and so did not espouse strong political, social, or moral beliefs. They taught that people should abandon their search for certain answers and find an inner peace. | 27 | |
| 4868139010 | Stoics | Classical Greek Philosophers who believed human beings were part of a universal family; people must help each other through difficulties and deal with stress and anxiety by finding inner peace. | 28 | |
| 4868154016 | Mycenaeans | Language combined Greek and Minoan. Built impressive stone fortresses and palaces. Palaces dominated Mycenaean cities, as was the case in Minoan Crete (Palace of Knossos); however, their design tended to be more centripetal and individualistic than those of the Minoans, which were more centrifugal. By 1200 b.c.e., the great citadels possessed impressive fortifications. Most likely a king ruled over a small area from each place. | 29 | |
| 4868158937 | Classical Persian Society | In the cities, free classes included priests, priestesses, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and low-ranking civil servants. Women worked in textile production and received rations of wine, beer, and sometimes meat for their labor. Slaves were acquired through one of two sources: prisoners of war or civilians who tried to rebel against the imperial government. Either way, slave status deprived individuals of personal freedom. Educated class of bureaucrats. | 30 | |
| 4868175947 | Confucius | Lived in China during the Warring States period and sought to restore order to China. Students recorded his teachings in the Analects, which has had a large impact on Chinese government and culture and the civil service system during the Han dynasty. | 31 | |
| 4868178982 | Confucian Relationships | Confucius believed in a relationship of trust, respect, and honor between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. Each person in the relationship had a responsibility to the other; one was superior and the other inferior. | 32 | |
| 4868185461 | Later Han Dynasty and Fall | Inequitable land distribution led to increased banditry and rebellions led disgruntled peasants. Rise in epidemics led to the Yellow Turban uprising(rebels wore yellow head gear representing their peasant status and ties to the earth.) governments used the military to suppress rebellions but the collective efforts of peasants weakened the Han dynasty -- factions developed in courts the affected the central government. This internal weakness led to the downfall of the empire, which was divided into several kingdoms. The dynasty formally ended in 220 C.E. | 33 | |
| 4868193639 | Expansion of Roman Empire | During the republic, the empire included Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and outposts in North Africa and Anatolia; Augustus added most of southeastern Europe and most of North Africa and increased control in Anatolia and southwestern Asia. At its height, the empire included Britain and all of the land surrounding the northern and southern coast of the Mediterranean from Iberia to Mesopotamia. | 34 | |
| 4868218630 | Octavian (Augustus) | Augustus's rule brought a period known as the pax romana, which lasted for two and a half centuries and allowed the empire to experience a golden age. | 35 | |
| 4868221818 | Effects of Roman Expansion | As Roman soldiers, diplomats, governors and merchants settled throughout the empire, Roman culture spread, encouraging the development of local politics and economies. Cities such as Paris, Lyons, Cologne, Mainz, London, Toledo and Segovia sprang up. | 36 | |
| 4868223417 | Macedonian Empire | Alexander led an army of approximately 37,000 to invade the Persian Empire. By 311 B.C.E., Alexander controlled Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. When Alexander died, the empire was divided among his top three generals demonstrating how empires and boundaries change over time. | 37 | |
| 4868229827 | Emperor Justinian | Justinian (reigned 527- 565) was a very important emperor during the early Byzantine empire; his wife, Theodora advised him on political, religious, and he diplomatic issues. | 38 | |
| 4868242195 | Justinian's Code | Published Corpus iuris civilis (Body of the Civil Law). After a systematic review of all laws of the republic Justinian codified Roman Law, Keeping legal principles of ancient Rome. Justinian's code has remained an inspiration of civil law codes. | 39 | |
| 4868249620 | Socrates | Greek Philosopher who developed a method of questioning aimed at exposing ethics and morality through a series of increasingly difficult questions. His student Plato recorded his thoughts in a series of writings called dialogues. Socrates suggested that honor was more important than wealth and fame and stressed the importance of personal integrity | 40 | |
| 4868260872 | Buddhism | About 537 BCE, Siddhartha Gautama, a Hindu of the Kshatriyan caste, left his family to live as a holy man. His new beliefs appealed to lower castes because it deemphasized class distinctions. Cultural diffusion responsible for spread of ideas-- in Japan developed into Zen Buddhism; in China, Mahayan Buddhism; in northern India, Theravedic Buddhism. | 41 | |
| 4868275849 | Dharma (Buddhism) | The principle or law that orders the universe according to the teaching and methods of the Buddha. | 42 | |
| 4868280278 | Four Noble Truths (Buddhism) | Nothing is permanent; all life involves suffering; desire causes suffering--eliminate desire and you will eliminate suffering. Follow the Eightfold Path, the fourth Noble Truth: right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, right meditation. | 43 | |
| 4868287452 | Fall of Byzantine Empire | In 1071, the Byzantines lost most of Anatolia (their breadbasket), which led to their ultimate demise (they had no food source). Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) in 1453. With the Muslim Turks in control, western Europe feared their influence would spread into Europe. Greeks and Balkan peoples fled the empire for Italy. Took ancient art and knowledge with them, which would later help lay the foundation for the Renaissance along with cultural diffusion throughout the Crusades. | 44 | |
| 4868293599 | Causes of Fall of Roman Empire | Internal opposition, power struggle (26 people claimed the throne in just 50 years), generals struggled for power and died violently; empire was simply too large (geographic overextension), epidemics | 45 | |
| 4868298922 | Roman Republic | In 509 BCE , an aristocratic government that replaced the Roman monarchy; built Roman forum, a political and civic center housing temples and public buildings for government business. A new constitution gave executive (civil and military) duties and power to two consuls elected for one-year terms by an assembly dominated by the aristocracy (patricians); a senate dominated the decision-making process. | 46 | |
| 4868303784 | Mayan Civilization | Society located in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador; classical maya riled from c.300-900 c.e made up of over 50 city-states. Achievements: elaborate system of writing, accurate calendar (365.242 days), and concept of zero. Terrace farming was developed to capture rainwater and slit to increase soil fertility and hence agricultural production: cotton, maize, cacao. | 47 | |
| 4868317315 | Economics of Classical Persia | Agriculture was the foundation of the Persian economy. Surpluses were necessary to support military forces, government administrators, and residents in the cities. Empire controlled fertile land in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, and northern India. Persian Royal Road and sea routes through the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea assisted in trade throughout the empire. | 48 | |
| 4868321971 | Early Han Dynasty | 49 |
