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| 6532180750 | Philip of Macedonia | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece. | 0 | |
| 6532180751 | Hellenistic | culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests. | 1 | |
| 6532180752 | Roman Republic | the balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies. | 2 | |
| 6532180753 | Punic Wars | three wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between Rome and the Carthaginians; saw the transformation of Rome from a land to a sea power. | 3 | |
| 6532180754 | Carthage | founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans. | 4 | |
| 6532180755 | Hannibal | Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome. | 5 | |
| 6532180756 | Julius Caesar | general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators. | 6 | |
| 6532180757 | Caesar Augustus | (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome. | 7 | |
| 6532180758 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection. | 8 | |
| 6532180759 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. | 9 | |
| 6532180760 | Polis | city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 10 | |
| 6532180761 | Direct democracy | literally, rule of the people—in Athens, it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives. | 11 | |
| 6532180762 | Senate | assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution. | 12 | |
| 6532180763 | Consuls | two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy. | 13 | |
| 6532180764 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world. | 14 | |
| 6532180765 | Cicero | conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day. | 15 | |
| 6532180766 | Stoics | Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. | 16 | |
| 6532180767 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection in moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young. | 17 | |
| 6532180768 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex. | 18 | |
| 6532180769 | Iliad and Odyssey | Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology. | 19 | |
| 6532180770 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality. | 20 | |
| 6532180771 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. | 21 | |
| 6532180772 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 22 | |
| 6532180773 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. | 23 | |
| 6532180774 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. | 24 |
