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| 8889804241 | Persian Empire (Safavid Persia) | -East of Ottoman Empire -Modern-day Iran -Lasted from 1501 to 1722 |  | 0 |
| 8889819020 | Ismail | -Turkic founder of Safavid Dynasty -Defining characteristic = followed Shia version of Islam -Introduced sharp divide between Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims to the heartland of Islam -Seen as the beginning of modern Iranian history |  | 1 |
| 8889830549 | Gunpowder Empires | Term used to describe Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires |  | 2 |
| 8889841632 | What were the 1)causes and 2)results of the decline of the Safavids? | 1)Incompetent Safavid rulers weakened the empire Poor leadership and misuse of money 2)Territory was lost & empire divided up when Afghans seized Persia in 1722 |  | 3 |
| 8889873585 | Mughal Empire | -Located in India -Kingdom center = Delhi -Established by Muslim Turks -Both a Hindu and Islamic civilization (Muslim Rulers, Hindu subjects) -Taj Mahal built during this time |  | 4 |
| 8889890084 | Babur | -1st true Mughal emperor -Descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur -Orderly government -Expanded the arts -Spread Persian influence to India -Modern countries claim him as a national hero - Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan |  | 5 |
| 8890021819 | Akbar the Great | -Brought peace and order to India -Encouraged religious tolerance with both Hindus and Muslims -Created a new religion called "Divine Faith" = combined Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity -Repealed taxes on Hindus |  | 6 |
| 8890028213 | Mughal Culture | Arts = music, literature, painting Lavish courts Large libraries Increased trade Muslim architects introduced the dome and the arch Brought porcelain, paper, and gunpowder from China to India |  | 7 |
| 8890034670 | The Taj Mahal | Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1632 |  | 8 |
| 8890040792 | Reasons for Mughal Decline | Rulers eventually abandoned religious tolerance and the Hindu minority was persecuted, which weakened the empire Empire officially ended when Great Britain took over India |  | 9 |
| 8890049032 | Final Straw for Mughals | Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 |  | 10 |
| 8890068010 | The Ottoman Empire | Founded by Turks Started in Anatolia Controlled Balkan Peninsula and parts of eastern Europe Acquired much of the Middle East, North Africa, and region between Black and Caspian Seas |  | 11 |
| 8890075993 | OTTOMANS PT.2 | Maintained strong navy in Mediterranean region to protect trade routes they controlled Conquered much of the Byzantine's territory -- captured capital of Constantinople in 1453 & renamed it Istanbul Remained a significant sea power until the 1700s |  | 12 |
| 8890085257 | Sulieman I (the Magnificent) | Ruled from 1520-1566 Ruled the richest and most powerful empire in Europe and Asia at this time Organized Ottoman law Strengthened military |  | 13 |
| 8890091955 | janissaries | elite infantry force within Ottoman Empire |  | 14 |
| 8890113476 | The Siege of Vienna | capital of the Hapsburg empire. This sparked a series of wars between Austria and the Ottomans The longest lasted for 15 years Coffee was introduce to Europe after it was left by retreating Ottoman armies |  | 15 |
| 8890121631 | caliph | islamic religious leader |  | 16 |
| 8890124353 | sultan | political ruler |  | 17 |
| 8890131587 | grand vizier | "Right-hand man" to the sultan |  | 18 |
| 8890156078 | Millets | separate communities of non-Muslims --> each ________ controlled its own affairs |  | 19 |
| 8890170579 | Under Ottoman Law _________ | Population divided into different classes 1st class = ruling class made up of sultan, his family & high government officials 2nd class = nobility 3rd class (largest) = peasants | | 20 |
| 8890183282 | Ottoman Culture | Borrowed many elements from the Byzantine, Persian, and Arab cultures Bridges, mosques, and aqueducts reflect this blend of culture Turned Christian church of Hagia Sophia into a mosque |  | 21 |
| 8890189220 | The "last straw" for the Ottomans | By 1600, empire had reached its peak and started to decline 1683 failed to conquer Vienna Austria (again...) Faced constant attacks from enemies on its borders (Hapsburg Austria-Hungry, and Russia) |  | 22 |
| 8890208078 | Reasons for Decline of Ottomans | Economic problems Trade competition from the Americas Europe had colonies in Asia reducing the need for the ____________ traders Empire would last until 1924 when it was dissolved after WW1, it became the nation of Turkey. All lands dominated by the _____________became colonies of the Allied Powers |  | 23 |
| 8890726389 | The Aztecs (1428-1521) | Capital = Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Located around lake Texcoco Legend said the ________'s would settle when the find a bird with a snake it its mouth perched on a cactus in the middle of a lake |  | 24 |
| 8890732784 | chinampas | artificial islands used for farming made by piling mud from the lake onto rafts floating gardens (AZTECS) |  | 25 |
| 8890743100 | The Aztec Empire | Stretched from Mexico to the border of Guatemala Stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean Conquered people had to pay tribute (taxes) in the form of: food, clothing, raw materials, prisoners for sacrifice, jewelry, military supplies, rubber balls, etc. |  | 26 |
| 8890750832 | Aztec | _______ civilization organized as a hierarchy At the top = the emperor Classes = nobility, commoners, serfs, slaves |  | 27 |
| 8890759103 | Aztec Religion | Polytheistic Religion moved them to engage in war and sacrifice Live human sacrifices were needed to keep the gods happy _______ artists decorated temple-pyramids with scenes of gods or battles |  | 28 |
| 8890770989 | Reasons for fall of The Aztecs? | Hernan Cortes landed in 1519 with 630 men __________ welcome Cortes to their capital because they believe he is Quetzacoatl Cortes kidnaps Montezuma and holds him for ransom Aztecs stone Montezuma to death as he tries to calm riotous crowds. Cortes and his men barely escape Tenochtitlan as they fight their way out of the city. Cortes returns a year with an army of allied native tribes and find that most of the Aztecs have been wiped out by small pox. |  | 29 |
| 8890797986 | The Inca (1438-1533) | Lived in the Andes Mountains in South America Empire stretched about 2500 miles along the Andes Capital = Cuzco (Peru) |  | 30 |
| 8890807808 | The Inca | Raided other tribes and slowly built a large empire Strong central government --> local rulers had to report to Inca emperor Emperor closely controlled the lives of common people Owned all land and carefully regulated the growing & distribution of food Farmers used step terraces on hillsides |  | 31 |
| 8890863091 | More About Inca->>> | Built roads & bridges to link different regions of the empire Gods pleased with food, animal, and human sacrifices (not nearly to the scale of the Mayans or Aztecs) No writing system |  | 32 |
| 8890867489 | Quipu | ropes with knotted cords of different lengths, used to record information (Inca) |  | 33 |
| 8890912735 | Fall of the Inca | Pizarro benefited from a civil war in the ________empire between two brothers Pizarro took the _________ emperor captive and held him for ransom. The Inca paid the ransom and then executed him. |  | 34 |
| 8890944216 | What were some technological advancements made during the European Age of Exploration? | -Magnetic compass -More accurate maps, were better and used latitude and longitude -Caravels (ships with multiple masts and sails that made sailing more efficient) | 35 | |
| 8890973261 | Portugal | _________ was the 1st country to venture into the Atlantic Ocean looking for a route to Asia |  | 36 |
| 8890984890 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Brought together mapmakers, mathematicians, and astronomers to study navigation |  | 37 |
| 8890996642 | Bartholomew Diaz (1488) | Discovered the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Proved that ships could reach Asia by sailing around Africa |  | 38 |
| 8891005287 | Vasco da Gama (1497) | First to find a water route to Asia -- first to round the tip of Africa to India |  | 39 |
| 8891021076 | Who backed Christopher Columbus's expeditions? | Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain) |  | 40 |
| 8891031948 | When did Christopher Columbus sail from Spain? | 1492 |  | 41 |
| 8891054178 | Line of Demarcation | a line drawn by the Pope down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean |  | 42 |
| 8891064828 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | gave Portugal control of Brazil & Spain got the rest of South America |  | 43 |
| 8891080135 | Ferdinand Magellan | (1519) Headed west from Spain Reached a narrow passageway at the southern tip of South America Named the Strait of __________ |  | 44 |
| 8891165543 | Voyage of Magellan | After 4 months, he reached the Philippines ____________ was killed during the journey After 3 years at sea, his crew returned to Spain (crew circumnavigated the globe, Sir Francis Drake of England would be the first commander to survive the voyage) |  | 45 |
| 8891178551 | circumnavigated | Magellan's ships had ________________ = circled the globe Proved the world was round and larger than anyone thought Also proved the oceans were connected |  | 46 |
| 8891185976 | Ponce de Leon | sailed for Spain, explored North America mainland (established St. Augustine Florida) |  | 47 |
| 8891190250 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | sailed for Spain,1st to cross the Isthmus of Panama |  | 48 |
| 8891195424 | John Cabot | sailed for England, explored eastern cost of Canada/US for Henry VII |  | 49 |
| 8891200222 | Francis Drake | sailed for England, privateer who targeted Spanish, explored for Elizabeth I, circumnavigated the globe, defeated the Spanish Armada |  | 50 |
| 8891208451 | Amerigo Vespucci | Italian Merchant/Explorer Worked for Spain Made several voyages to New World Fake stories of his voyages inspired map makers in Germany to name the new territory as "America" |  | 51 |
