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| 7933498984 | "The Sick Man of Europe" | Nickname given to the Ottoman Empire to describe its rampant corruption, and the unrest leading ethnic nationalist movements | 0 | |
| 7933550508 | Mamluks | Former Turkish slaves who formed a military class | 1 | |
| 7933556936 | Muhammad Ali | An Albanian Ottoman officer who rose to prominence during the Napoleonic Wars and was selected to be the governor of Egypt in 1801. Over the next ten years he went on to consolidate his power by defeating Mamluk leaders. He established school, sent officers to France for an education, and started an official newspaper. He also pushed Egypt to industrialize. | 2 | |
| 7933566181 | Wahhabis | Islamic Fundamentalist group in Arabia. Ali waged wars against them to recapture Arabia in the 1820s | 3 | |
| 7933582709 | Conscription | Making all men, even peasants, become soldiers. | 4 | |
| 7933586462 | Janissaries | A highly trained, elite military unit whose members were paid regularly wore distinctive uniforms. | 5 | |
| 7933626154 | Selim III | Attempted to reform the Ottoman army and bureaucracy after the patter he say in Europe but was opposed by Islamic scholars and the Janissaries. He was executed by conservatives among the Janissaries in 1807. | 6 | |
| 7933640845 | Mahmud II | In 1826 he abolished the Janissaries and developed new artillery trained by Europeans. He made it so military officers were no longer able to collect taxes directly from the populace for their salaries. Instead tax collections went directly to the central government which paid military personnel, thus ensuring their loyalty. He would build more roads and set up a postal service | 7 | |
| 7933664174 | Tanzimat Reforms (Reorganization) | These changes included rooting out corruption in the central government, setting up secular schools, building more roads, introducing a new legal system that regulated separate courts by different religious communities, and by changing their military headgear in 1828 from caps to a fez. | 8 | |
| 7933688003 | Extraterritoriality | The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their own country rather than those of their host country. | 9 | |
| 7933697820 | Capitulations | Concessions made by successive sultans to foreign nations. These agreements often contained clauses protecting the rights of Christians to worship when they were engaged in commerce in Ottoman lands. | 10 | |
| 7933711610 | Young Turks | Advocated for a constitution like those in European nations as well as for Turkification of ethnic minorities | 11 | |
| 7933719124 | Turkification | The process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society | 12 | |
| 7933725292 | Armenians | Often scapegoated (blamed) in the Ottoman Empire this Christian minority were blamed for economic problems while living and working in Anatolia. Cultural change was difficult for them as they were traditionally Christian living in a Muslim empire. | 13 | |
| 8017054292 | Crimean War (1853-1856) | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. | 14 | |
| 8017056575 | Bannermen | Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. | 15 | |
| 8017059441 | Opium War (1839-1842) | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. | 16 | |
| 8017061952 | Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) | The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire. | 17 | |
| 8017064297 | Treaty of Nanking (1842) | The treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain. | 18 | |
| 8017065879 | treaty ports | Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. | 19 | |
| 8017079474 | Empress Cixi | The dowager empress of China (1861-1908) who was hostile to foreign influences in China and supported the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900). | 20 | |
| 8017081887 | Sun Yat-sen | Chinese politician who was elected provisional president of the republic after the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). He relinquished the presidency to Yuan Shikai (1912) but later opposed him and formed a military government in southern China. | 21 | |
| 8017084710 | Emperor Mutsuhito | Japanese emperor, who became the symbol for, and encouraged, the dramatic transformation of Japan from a feudal closed society into one of the great powers of the modern world. | 22 | |
| 8017087704 | Self-Strengthening Movement | A period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers. | 23 | |
| 8017091277 | The Three People's Principles | A political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation. | 24 | |
| 8017093222 | Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) | Political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently ruled Taiwan under Chiang Kai-shek and his successors for most of the time since then | 25 | |
| 8017095853 | Meiji Era | A Japanese era which extended from October 23, 1868 through July 30, 1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudal society to its modern form. | 26 | |
| 8017099328 | Diet | Japanese legislature modeled after Germany. | 27 | |
| 8017100984 | Sino-Japanese War | The war (1894-95) between China and Japan over the control of Korea that resulted in the nominal independence of Korea and the Chinese cession to Japan of Formosa and the Pescadores. 2. the war that began in 1937 as a Japanese invasion of China and ended with the World War II defeat of Japan in 1945. | 28 | |
| 8017104668 | Boxer Rebellion | A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. | 29 | |
| 8017107504 | Bushido | The code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. | 30 | |
| 8017110899 | Spheres of Influence | A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority. | 31 | |
| 8017113687 | Open Door Policy | A term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers. | 32 | |
| 8017115729 | Commodore Matthew Perry | Commodore of the United States Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, most notably in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. | 33 | |
| 8017118268 | Indentured Servants | A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country. | 34 |
