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| 10767096105 | On what river did Chinese civilizations begin? | Yellow river | 0 | |
| 10767096106 | In which direction does the Yellow River flow? | West to east (across China) | 1 | |
| 10767096107 | How did the Yellow River get it's name? | Huge amounts of loess sediment turn the water yellow | 2 | |
| 10767096108 | What was life like during the origins of Chinese civilization (4000-2000BCE) | Small self-governing villages on the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers; 12% of total land was arable; irrigation was introduced; they were able to drain floodwaters | 3 | |
| 10767096109 | Emperor Huangdi | The mythological "Yellow Emperor"; legend 100 years; associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles, ships, armor, pottery, and silk making | 4 | |
| 10767096110 | Xia Dynasty | A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 BCE (before Shang dynasty); may be a myth; was documented by those outside of the dynasty over 1000 years later, so there is very little (or reliable) information; Likely agricultural; approximately 400 years long | 5 | |
| 10767096111 | Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) | Gained power during the Bronze Age; conquered nearby peoples; introduced the feudal system; traders brought tin and jade from Central Asia; polytheistic religion with gods that control the forces of nature; ancestor veneration; oracle bones; had a written language; filial piety; clans; class differentiation | 6 | |
| 10767096112 | What was bronze used for during the Shang Dynasty? | Higher level military and religious purposes | 7 | |
| 10767096113 | Feudal System | Decentralized government in which local lords report to an emperor and follow his rules (local lords had lots of power due to poor communication); local lords have vassals who they give free land and protection to in return for food grown on the land; under vassals are peasants | 8 | |
| 10767096114 | Shang Dynasty Religion | Polytheistic with gods that control nature; Shang Di was the supreme god; believed in an afterlife; practiced ancestor veneration because they believed that their ancestors could speak directly to the gods | 9 | |
| 10767096115 | Oracles and Oracle Bones | An Oracle is a person who reads Oracle bones and answers people's questions to the gods. Animal bones or shells are inscribed with a question and thrown into a fire. The bone is then pulled out and a pin is stuck in it; the answer is determined by the way the bone cracks | 10 | |
| 10767096116 | Zhou Dynasty | Overthrow Shang dynasty in 11th century BCE; longest lasting dynasty; first 200 years considered the "Golden Age"; create the Mandate of Heaven to take power; create concept of dynastic cycle; used bronze and iron; had an agricultural economy and society (cultivated wet rice and silk); had the first Chinese currency; people were required to work a certain number of days per year on government projects (similar to Incan "Mita"); civil wars during the last 300 years | 11 | |
| 10767096117 | Mandate of Heaven | concept that a just rulers's powers were bestowed by the gods; concept created by the Zhou to take power (according to them, the Shang emperor was immoral and a drunkard, meaning that the gods took the Mandate of Heaven away from them); this was the first time that a ruler was held accountable to the people and the godson idea continues for centuries | 12 | |
| 10767096118 | Dynastic Cycle | 1) new dynasty comes to power 2) emperor reforms government 3) lives of common people improve 4) problems begin (invasions and feudal warlords) 5) taxes increase, farming neglected, conscription 6) government increases spending; corruption 7) natural disasters 8) por lose respect for government and join rebels 9) rebels find leader to unite them and attack the emperor 10) emperor defeated | 13 | |
| 10767096119 | Well-field system | Agricultural field system introduced during the Zhou dynasty that divided the field into private land and common land; because the commons were overgrazed, some land was left fallow | 14 | |
| 10767096120 | The Warring States Period (6th century- 221 BCE) | Begins then the Zhou lose the Mandate of Heaven; China fragmented and there was fighting over power (no dynasty had the Mandate of Heaven at this time); also referred to as the Hundred Schools Era because many new philosophies arose during this time, such as Daoism (Taoism) | 15 | |
| 10767096121 | Art of War | Written by Sun Tzu during the Warring States period; still taught today in military academies; translated in 1910 by Lionel Giles | 16 | |
| 10767096122 | Daoism (Taoism) | Founded by Lao Tzu (old master) in the late 500s BCE during the Warring States period/Hundred Schools Era; religious text: The Dao De Jing (The Classic in the Way and Its Power) written by Lao Tzu; believes in harmony/happiness/balance in nature through the way, living spontaneously and simply, and being kind to oneself and others; also believes in the 3 energies: sexual, spiritual, and emotional; concept of yin and yang | 17 | |
| 10767096123 | Yin and Yang | Yin (dark side): feminine, passive, darkness, cold, weak, earth and moon Yang (white side): masculine, active, light, warmth, strong, Heaven and sun | 18 | |
| 10767096124 | Qin Dynasty | Introduced legalism; military and agricultural priorities; outlawed some schools, burned books, outlawed art, ended all trade, and banned all philosophies but legalism; only in power for a short time (approx. 50 years); established China's first empire; Shi Huangdi was the most important emperor | 19 | |
| 10767096125 | Shi Huangdi | Emperor of the Qin Dynasty from 221-206 BCE; he was a very cruel ruler who buried scholars and philosophers alive, practiced legalism, etc.; He centralized the state and abolished all local laws; Major accomplishments: began construction of Great Wall for protection, expanded the size of the empire, gave peasants the right to own land, standardized Chinese scripts/coinage/weights/measures, built canals and roads, and created the Terra Cotta Army to be buried with him in his tomb (7000 soldiers, each different, to help him in the afterlife) | 20 | |
| 10822503400 | Legalism | Eastern philosophy created during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE and adopted during the Qin dynasty that was lead by Han Fei (disciple of Confucius); it's major principles were: 1) human nature is naturally selfish 2) intellectualism and literacy is discouraged 3) law is the supreme authority and replaces morality 4) the ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand 5) war is the means of strengthening a ruler's power 6) collective responsibility; felt that Confucians were naive | 21 | |
| 10822503401 | How did the Qin Dynasty fall? | When Shi Huangdi dies at 49, his son takes power. The eunuchs, who were the emperor's confidants, did not like Shi Huangdi's son and tried to take over the government. Peasants, intellectuals, and nobles also saw an opportunity to take over. Liu Bang was the leader of this group and gained power to become the Han Dynasty's first emperor | 22 | |
| 10822503402 | Liu Bang | Former peasant and policeman that gained power and became the first emperor of the Han Dynasty | 23 | |
| 10822503403 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BCE). Its main principles were: 1) rituals and the magic of rituals 2) filial piety/gender/mourning 3) the Dao (the way, as in Daoism) 4) humanity+human+two 5) NOT self-sacrifice, advance others as much as yourself 6) do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you; the 5 principle relationships were: 1) ruler—subject 2) father—son 3) husband—wife 4) older brother—younger brother 5) older friend—younger friend (all organized by the principles of status, age, and gender); the family unit (mother, father, sons and their wives, unmarried daughters), in which the father is the head and women are subservient to boys and men is most important; filial piety; wives were basically servants | 24 | |
| 10822503404 | Confucius | (551-479 BCE) Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period whose ideas were written down by his followers in texts called the Analects, which became the basis of Confucianism. He was an illegitimate child and was loyal to the Zhou | 25 | |
| 10822503405 | Mencius | Confucian scholar known for his theories on human nature. He said that all humans share a goodness that can be either cultivated through education and self-discipline or squandered by neglect, but either way, the goodness still remains | 26 | |
| 10822503406 | Han Dynasty | Dynasty that took power after the collapse of the Qin that created a centralized bureaucracy and based its government on the principles of Confucianism; they developed advanced agricultural methods (e.g. iron yoke), reduced govern,ent spending, invented their own paper, created a 365 day calendar, expanded the silk roads, and built many palaces. They practiced sericulture and traded their silk with the Romans; pax sinica; colonized Manchuria, Korea, and Vietnam (Emperor Wudi); Jade becomes popular during this time | 27 | |
| 10822503407 | Han Dynasty Social Structure | 1) Scholar Gentry (government officials who were scholars in Confucianism) 2) peasants 3) artisans 4) merchants 5) soldiers, imperial nobility, and slaves MERITOCRACY based on CONFUCIANISM *peasants are 2nd because according to Confucianism, they contribute more to society | 28 | |
| 10822503408 | What was the capital of China during the Han dynasty? | Chang'an (the city was walled in for protection) | 29 | |
| 10822503409 | Silk Roads | Caravan routes and sea lanes between China and the Middle East that were further developed during the Han Dynasty; they run from Chang'an to Europe (Roman empire); Buddhism was introduced to China through the silk roads; Romans gave China glass and China gave Romans silk; unfortunately, piracy and diseases (small pox, bubonic plague, measles) were brought to China through the silk roads; many land owners also lost property when the roads were built through their land | 30 | |
| 10822503410 | Emperor Wudi | Emperor of Han dynasty (141-87 BCE) whose biggest accomplishment was the introduction of the civil service examination. He also created a university system in China to educate people about Confucianism | 31 | |
| 10822503411 | Civil Service Examination | Exams introduced by Han Emperor Wudi that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in the government based on Confucian concepts; must pass the local and regional exams to move on the the national exam in the capital; consisted of 8 essays (as long as epics) about how to handle government situations using Confucianism; you could not leave your small cubicle until you were done, and the test could take days, which is why many died during the examination; those who passed became scholar gentry; Wudi created the university system to help people do better on the exam | 32 | |
| 10822503412 | Pax Sinica | Time of Chinese peace and prosperity that occurred during the Han dynasty due to a strong central government (this strong central government was due to the civil service examinations); landscape painting became popular once again during this time | 33 | |
| 10822522577 | Legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism are all _________ that originated during _________ | Philosophies; the Warring States Period | 34 |
