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| 10624828353 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | (2500 BCE-1500 BCE) urban centers in Ancient India; more complex architecture, organization, etc. than earlier cities (e.g. URBAN PLANNING, 2 story homes, sewar system, indoor plumbing, wells, streets) | 0 | |
| 10624828354 | What is known about the languages of the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro cities? | It is indecipherable to date | 1 | |
| 10624828355 | What does a lack of weapons lead historians to believe about the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro cities? | They had few/no enemies | 2 | |
| 10624828356 | What did the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro trade? | Silver vessels and gold jewelry | 3 | |
| 10624828357 | What type of religion did the people of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro follow? | Anthropomorphic (and animistic?) | 4 | |
| 10624828358 | Dravidians | earliest people of India; conquered by Aryans (Indo-Europeans) | 5 | |
| 10624828359 | When was skin color first used to differentiate between people? | When the Aryans conquered the Dravidians | 6 | |
| 10624828360 | Why have artifacts from the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro cities been lost? | It is unknown; likely because of natural disasters and the takeover of the region by the Aryans | 7 | |
| 10624828361 | The Vedic Age | 1500-500 BCE; time Period in ancient India markets by the Vedas; the Vedas were the main information source from this time | 8 | |
| 10624828362 | The Vedas (1200 BCE- 600 BCE) | Religious texts from long preserved, orally communicated poetic hymns; written in Sanskrit; comprised of hymns and poems, religious prayers, magical spells, and a list of the gods/goddesses; contained the Hindu core beliefs | 9 | |
| 10624828363 | What is the oldest Veda? | Rig Veda | 10 | |
| 10624828364 | Purusha | cosmic man sacrificed and split into 4 to create caste system; mouth became Brahmins, arms became Kshatriyas, thighs became Vaisyas, and feet became Sudras | 11 | |
| 10624828365 | Caste System | Social system that was created in India by the Aryans and that became universal across the Indian subcontinent, even though it was fragmented; contained 4 levels: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras | 12 | |
| 10624828366 | Brahmins | Priests and the educated | 13 | |
| 10624828367 | Kshatriyas | rulers and warriors | 14 | |
| 10624828368 | Vaisyas | merchants, artisans, farmers | 15 | |
| 10624828369 | Sudras | Workers; peasant and serf class | 16 | |
| 10624828370 | Pariahs/Harijans/untouchables | Lowest division below the caste system | 17 | |
| 10624828371 | Jati | Subdivisions of castes; created due to inter-caste marriages | 18 | |
| 10624828372 | Varna | Caste | 19 | |
| 10624828373 | Mahabharata | Hindu anthology written in Sanskrit; consists of 3 stories: Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, and Upanishad | 20 | |
| 10624828374 | Bhagavad Gita/Ramayana | 2 epics in the Mahabharata that teach lessons about behavior through heroism, romance, and adventure | 21 | |
| 10624828375 | Upanishads | Part of the Mahabharata; commentary on the Vedas (in mystical terms; discuss nature of the gods, meditation, etc.); foundational texts for what would become known as Hinduism; blended Aryan and Dravidian values | 22 | |
| 10624828376 | Samsara | cycle of rebirth; goal is to achieve karmic balance and Moksha | 23 | |
| 10624828377 | Dharma | In Hinduism, a person's duty in life that must be fulfilled; you are born into your Dharma | 24 | |
| 10624828378 | Moksha | In Hinduism, it is the end of samsara and the becoming of one with the gods | 25 | |
| 10624828379 | Atman | the individual soul (Hinduism) | 26 | |
| 10624828380 | Karma | The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life; if you had good karma you will be born into a higher rank in your next life | 27 | |
| 10624828381 | Trimurti | 3 forms of the god Brahman: Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer | 28 | |
| 10624828382 | Sati | The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the burning funeral pyre of her husband. Even though this is outlawed today, it still occurs in some remote areas. | 29 | |
| 10624828383 | Mauryan Dynasty | Most important rulers: Chandragupta and Asoka; successful for a short time in creating a centralized beauracracy | 30 | |
| 10624828384 | Chandragupta | (321-298 BCE); first ruler of Mauryan Dynasty; first ruler to unite Northern India; pushed the Persians out of India; divides empire into provinces, each of which had a prince (relative) that reported to him, and provinces were divided into districts which were also ruled by one of his relatives; steps down (abdicates) in 301 BCE; either from Vaisya or Sudra varna; inspired by Alexander the Great | 31 | |
| 10624828385 | Reasons Chandragupta stayed in power | 1) He created a large imperial army (used war elephants 2) regulated trade (empire was established along trade routes) 3) created a spy network (because he was afraid of assassination) | 32 | |
| 10624828386 | Capital of Mauryan Dynasty | Pataliputra | 33 | |
| 10624828387 | Kautilya | Advisor to Chandragupta; wrote the Treatise on Material Gain or Arthashastra which was a guide for the king and other rulers | 34 | |
| 10624828388 | Asoka | (304-232 BCE) Mauryan king; converts to Buddhism during the Battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE; does not force his people to convert to Buddhism (therefore India stayed mostly Hindu) greatly expands empire; had edicts written on large pillars and rocks across empire | 35 | |
| 10624828389 | Asoka's Law Code | Edicts scattered in 30+ places throughout India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan; mostly in Sanskrit except for one in Greek and Aramaic; 10 rock edicts; each pillar is 40-50' high (show wealth and power); represent Buddhist ideas | 36 | |
| 10624828390 | Asoka's Accomplishments | 1) Established an efficient tax collection system 2) built roads for trade (with the tax money) 3) required servants to be treated fairly/ended slavery 4) created edicts that kept public informed and allowed for a strong central government 5) ambassadorships to improve foreign trade | 37 | |
| 10624828391 | Stupas | Buddhist place of worship; Used by travelers; spread knowledge of Buddhism | 38 | |
| 10624828392 | Mauryan Dynasty Scientific Contributions | Numerical system that was based on the number 10 and used the concept of zero; this is the system we use today;Arabs are given credit for this system because they picked it up during trade | 39 | |
| 10624828393 | Buddhism | Founded by Siddhartha Gautama; the essence of Buddhism is "the middle way of wisdom and compassion"; based on 4 noble truths | 40 | |
| 10624828394 | 3 Jewels of Buddhism | 1. Buddha, the teacher 2. Dharma, the teachings 3. Sangha, the community | 41 | |
| 10624828395 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; found an old man, a sick man, and a corpse and drew the conclusion that the cause of all suffering is desire; became the Buddha (the enlightened one) | 42 | |
| 10624828396 | 4 Noble Truths | 1) life is about suffering 2) the cause of suffering is self-centered Desire and attachments 3) solution is to eliminate desire and attachments (Nirvana= "extinction") 4) in order to reach Nirvana you must follow the Eightfold Path | 43 | |
| 10624828397 | Eightfold Path | In Buddhism, it is a set of guidelines on how to reach Nirvana and end suffering 1) right view/understanding 2) right thinking 3) right speech 4) right conduct 5) right livelihood 6) right effort 7) right mindfulness 8) right concentration | 44 | |
| 10639875379 | 4 types of Buddhism | Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan, Zen | 45 | |
| 10639875380 | Therevada Buddhism | "Way of the elders" (closest to original form of Buddhism); promotes austerity (giving up attachments/living with bare minimum ); currently in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka; individuals are in search of enlightenment which they believe will be found on a philosophical path; do not see the Buddha as a deity | 46 | |
| 10639875381 | Mahayana Buddhism | Newer version of Buddhism; "Great Vehicle"; view Buddha as a deity; focus on reverence for Buddha and bodhisattvas; spread to Eastern Asia (China, Koreas Japan, and Vietnam); more people can achieve nirvana, which was appealing | 47 | |
| 10639875382 | What do Mahayana Buddhists refer to their rivals as? | "Lesser vehicles" (because they are the "great vehicle") | 48 | |
| 10639875383 | Bodhisattva | one who has already attained enlightenment/nirvana, but has chosen to return to life in order to help others do the same (e.g. the Dalai Lama) | 49 | |
| 10651791524 | Gupta Empire | (319-540 CE) next time in history after Mauryan dynasty that India was unified under a central government; northern India (smaller area than Maurya) during classical period; Golden age of India; lots of foreign trade regulated by rulers | 50 | |
| 10651791525 | Why was the Gupta Empire the Golden Age of India? | Because it was a time of wealth and peace | 51 | |
| 10651791526 | Continuities from Vedic Age to Classical India | 1) Hinduism as dominant religion 2) caste system 3) cotton and cotton products | 52 | |
| 10651791527 | Because the Gupta Empire had no enemies, they were able to... | ...spend more money on people and the city rather than defense | 53 | |
| 10651791528 | Capital of Gupta Empire | Pataliputra | 54 | |
| 10651791529 | How did the Gupta Empire treat religions other than Hinduism? | Well; they were very tolerant of other religions | 55 | |
| 10651791530 | Why is Gupta considered a "Theater State" | Because entertainment, rituals, festivals, etc. were always going on in Pataliputra | 56 | |
| 10651791531 | What is a major difference between the governments of the Gupta and Mauryan Empires? | Both have centralized bureaucracies, but Gupta gave local rulers more authority than the Mauryans did (allowing them more power could have potentially led to an overthrow of the government by local leaders) | 57 | |
| 10651791532 | Fa-xian | Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India to follow the path of the Buddha (a pilgrimage) and wrote reports of his journey along the way | 58 | |
| 10651791533 | Why was India a perfect location for trade? | Because it was situated between China, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and Europe (all major empires during the time) | 59 | |
| 10651791534 | What goods did India trade? | Cotton and spices | 60 | |
| 10651791535 | Kalidasa | Most famous Gupta writer who is considered the Shakespeare of his time | 61 | |
| 10651791536 | Most Gupta art related to... | Religion | 62 | |
| 10651791537 | Education in the Gupta Empire | There were separate universities for each major | 63 | |
| 10651791538 | Gupta's Medicinal Achievements | C-sections, inoculations, plastic surgery, printed medicinal guides, 1000 classified diseases, 500 healing plants | 64 | |
| 10651791539 | Mathematical achievements of the Gupta Empire | Decimal system, pi, concept of zero | 65 | |
| 10651791540 | Which civilization, along with the Gupta Empire, developed the concept of zero? | The Mayans | 66 | |
| 10651791541 | Gupta's astronomical achievements | Discovered the earth is round, created a solar calendar | 67 | |
| 10651791542 | Angkor Wat | Cambodia (11th century); largest religious monument in the world that was originally built for the Hindu figure Vishnu, but was turned into a Buddhist temple in the 14th century | 68 | |
| 10651791543 | Borobudur | 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple built in Java (present day Indonesia); contains 72 stupas; tried to emulate Mt. Mera; covered with volcanic ash and was not discovered until the 18th century | 69 | |
| 10651791544 | Ajanta Cavea | Caves in India dedicated to Buddha | 70 | |
| 10652014240 | Who invaded and conquered the Gupta Empire? | The White Huns | 71 |
