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| 10655892896 | overfarming (p. 9) | a process in which agricultural land could lose its fertility unless it was left fallow or it was fertilized | 0 | |
| 10655892897 | overgrazing (p. 9) | continual eating of grasses or their roots without allowing them to regrow | 1 | |
| 10655892898 | artifacts (p. 2) | objects made by people in the past | 2 | |
| 10655892899 | Homo sapiens sapiens (p. 2) | the first modern humans who appeared in East Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago; were hunter-gatherers who migrated from place to place due to climate changes and the movements of animals | 3 | |
| 10655892900 | Paleolithic Period (p. 2) | the period of history that began 2.5 million years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago and is often called the Stone Age because of the stone tools and weapons used in the period | 4 | |
| 10655892901 | Neolithic Revolution (p. 6) | a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture | 5 | |
| 10655892902 | Monotheism (p. 9) | the belief and worship of only one deity | 6 | |
| 10655892903 | Bronze Age (p. 10) | the period of history between 3300 and 2300 BCE when people replaced stone tools and weapons for much stronger cooper and bronze ones | 7 | |
| 10655892904 | Civilization (p. 10) | a large society with cities and powerful states | 8 | |
| 10655892905 | Core and foundational civilizations (p. 10) | large civilizations with heavy influences on successor civilizations in languages, religious beliefs, and economic practices (ex: Southwest Asia, Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Huang He River Valley, Indus River Valley, Mesoamerica, and Anean Mountains) | 9 | |
| 10655892906 | Jericho (p. 8) | one of the first cities on the west bank of the Jordan River where the oldest evidence of human evidence dating back to 9000 BCE was found | 10 | |
| 10655892907 | Canal Huyuk (p. 8) | one of the oldest cities in the world founded in 7500 BCE along a dried up river with well-preserved remains that allow scientists to understand people and their lives a long time ago | 11 | |
| 10655892908 | hunter-foragers/hunter-gathers (p. 2) | a nomadic person who survived by hunting animals and forging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots and often migrated from place to place because of population density, climate changes, or new sources of food and water | 12 | |
| 10655892909 | agriculture (p. 6) | the practice of rising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis | 13 | |
| 10655892910 | surplus (p. 6) | an amount of something left over when requirements have been met or an excess of production or supply over demand | 14 | |
| 10655892911 | domestication (p. 6) | the process to tame a wild animal | 15 | |
| 10655892912 | nomadic pastoralism (p. 7) | a way of life in which people move large herds of animals from pasture to pasture | 16 | |
| 10655892913 | specialization of labor (p. 8) | the process in which a surplus of food or goods allows people to focus on limited and specialized tasks | 17 | |
| 10655892914 | textiles (p. 10) | a type of cloth or woven fabric | 18 | |
| 10655892915 | metallurgy (p. 10) | science of the study of metals that allowed people to replace stone tools and weapons with copper and bronze tools and weapons | 19 | |
| 10655892916 | copper (p. 10) | a new metal that humans found in a pure state in the ground that was melted with tin to make bronze which was used in tools and weapons | 20 | |
| 10655892917 | bronze (p. 10) | a strong metal that was a mixture of tin and copper and was used in weapons and tools in the period from 3300 to 2300 BCE | 21 | |
| 10655892918 | Kinship group (p. 4) | a group of several related families that might include from 20 to 40 people who were often self-sufficient but had to migrate frequently because of their large number | 22 | |
| 10655892919 | clan (p. 4) | larger groups of kinship groups | 23 | |
| 10655892920 | tribe (p. 4) | a large group of multiple calls that were often led by chiefs | 24 | |
| 10655892921 | patriarchal (p. 4) | word that means dominated by men | 25 | |
| 10655892922 | artisans (p. 8) | people who made objects people needed | 26 | |
| 10655892923 | merchants (p. 8) | people who buy and sell goods for a living | 27 | |
| 10655892924 | social stratification (p. 8) | a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy depending how much wealth in the form of jewelry or other coveted items they have | 28 | |
| 10655892925 | priests/priestesses (p. 9) | a special group of people who conduct elaborate religious ceremonies | 29 | |
| 10655892926 | Tigris and Euphrates (p. 17) | two rivers in Southwest Asia that flowed south from modern-day Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf and surrounded the area that became known as Mesopotamia | 30 | |
| 10655892927 | Mesopotamia (p. 17) | ancient civilization found in the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that was rich in fertile soil from the flooding of the rivers | 31 | |
| 10655892928 | Fertile Crescent (p. 17) | the area that overlaps the Mesopotamian but also included the area to west, along the Mediterranean coast | 32 | |
| 10655892929 | Carthage (p. 17) | a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa that became a significant outpost in the region | 33 | |
| 10655892930 | Sahara (p. 23) | northern African desert | 34 | |
| 10655892931 | Kalahari (p. 23) | southern African desert | 35 | |
| 10655892932 | Nile River (p. 23) | the river that begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Mediterranean Sea and has rich fertile soil from the flooding of the river | 36 | |
| 10655892933 | Desertification (p. 24) | creation of desert-like conditions | 37 | |
| 10655892934 | Deforestation (p. 29) | clearing Earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land | 38 | |
| 10655892935 | Polytheistic (p. 18) | worshipping of many gods | 39 | |
| 10655892936 | Ziggurats (p. 19) | a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple | 40 | |
| 10655892937 | Astronomy (p. 21) | the study of objects Earth's atmosphere | 41 | |
| 10655892938 | Astrology (p. 21) | predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets | 42 | |
| 10655892939 | Hebrews, Israelites, Jews (p. 22) | people who lived in the region of Canaan that founded by Abraham whose monotheistic religion came from the Old Testament that experienced periods of enslavement | 43 | |
| 10655892940 | Abraham (p. 22) | the founded of Canaan and the ancestor of Jews, Christians, and Muslims | 44 | |
| 10655892941 | Moses (p. 22) | a Hebrew leader who led the Hebrews out of Egypt in 1300 BCE and introduced the Ten Commandments, a code of conduct that became very influential in areas dominated by Christianity | 45 | |
| 10655892942 | Ten Commandments (p. 22) | a code of conduct that became very influential in areas dominated by Christianity that was given to the Hebrew people by Moses | 46 | |
| 10655892943 | Jewish Diaspora (p. 22) | the spreading the Jewish heritage and ideas throughout the Mediterranean world and the Middle East | 47 | |
| 10655892944 | Theocrats (p. 25) | rulers who hold religious and political power | 48 | |
| 10655892945 | Aten (p. 26) | the sun god whom the pharaoh Akhenaton tried to urge Egyptians to only worship | 49 | |
| 10655892946 | Mummification (p. 27) | the process founded by the Egyptians to preserve bodies by removing internal organs, drying the body with salts, packing the insides, and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth | 50 | |
| 10655892947 | Scribes (p. 19) | individuals who wrote records, histories, and mythes | 51 | |
| 10655892948 | Cuneiform (p. 19) | the world's first writing system which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets | 52 | |
| 10655892949 | The Epic of Gilgamesh (p. 20) | the oldest written story that told the story of a Sumerian king and allowed historians to know something about the people who lived in Mesopotamia | 53 | |
| 10655892950 | Alphabetic script (p. 22) | a system of symbols or letters that represented the sounds of speech | 54 | |
| 10655892951 | Hieroglyphics (p. 27) | An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds | 55 | |
| 10655892952 | Papyrus (p. 27) | a type of plant that grew along the Nile River and was used for a type of paper | 56 | |
| 10655892953 | Book of the Dead (p. 27) | a paper book that Egyptians put in the coffins of dead pharaohs that had the story of the dead person | 57 | |
| 10655892954 | Sumer and Sumerians (p. 17) | the first civilization and the name of the people who lived in the civilization that was found in Mesopotamia, founded the first writing system, and had a polytheistic religion | 58 | |
| 10655892955 | Uruk (p. 17) | a major city that emerged in Sumer about 5,500 years ago that one of the first big cities to emerge in the world and probably the largest city in the world at its height. | 59 | |
| 10655892956 | City-states (p. 18) | large towns that conquered the surrounding countryside and often competed with each other | 60 | |
| 10655892957 | King and kingdom (p. 18) | rulers of large territories | 61 | |
| 10655892958 | empire (p. 18) | a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler | 62 | |
| 10655892959 | Phoenicians (p. 22) | the group of people who occupied parts of present-day | 63 | |
| 10655892960 | Old Kingdom (p. 25) | a period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2660 BCE to 2160 BCE and included the creation of a strong central government with the pharaoh as the ruler and the building of the pyramids but was ended by internal fighting against the pharaoh and a drought | 64 | |
| 10655892961 | Middle Kingdom (p. 25-26) | a period in Egyptian history that lasted from 2040 BCE to 1786 BCE after Mentuhotep united Egypt under a central government in Thebes in which many temples to the gods and irrigations projects were built and expansion occurred in Egypt,but was ended by an invasion from the Hyksos, pastoral nomads from modern Syria | 65 | |
| 10655892962 | New Kingdom (p. 26) | a period in Egyptian history that lasted from 1570 to 1070 BCE after the Egyptians were able to overthrow the Hyksos in which Akhenaton, a pharaoh who tried to make Egyptian religion monotheistic, and Ramses the Great, a military pharaoh who expanded Egyptian territory to unprecedented size, ruled, but was ended by failed wars, repeated invasions, and internal revoltuions | 66 | |
| 10655892963 | Hyksos (p. 26) | pastoral nomads from modern-day Syria who ended the period of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt with their superior technology such as horse-drawn chariots and greatly improved bows and arrows | 67 | |
| 10655892964 | Hittites (p. 26) | groups of invaders who invaded Egypt because of their military advantage with their iron tools and weapons | 68 | |
| 10655892965 | Kush (p. 29) | the Egyptian kingdom that gained its political and cultural independence from Egypt in 1000 BCE, even conquering Egypt before being overthrown by the Assyrians in 663 BCE; became an important state economically because of its trading with different empires, its exports of iron ore, and and its main city, Meroe which was an important trade center | 69 | |
| 10655892966 | Axum (p. 29) | a Christian civilization in present day Ethiopia that had grew rich because of its agricultural economy and tributes from conquered land; defeated the Kushites in 240 CE but began declining around 600 CE | 70 | |
| 10655892967 | Hammurabi (p. 21) | the Babylonians' most powerful king who conquered all of Mesopotamia, abolished local governments, reorganized the tax structure, and created the set of law code called the Code of Hammurabi | 71 | |
| 10655892968 | King Menes (p. 25) | the king of Egypt who united Lower Egypt to the north and Upper Egypt further south in 3100 BCE and established his captain city of Memphis at the southern end of the Nile Delta | 72 | |
| 10655892969 | Pharaoh (p. 25) | king or queen of Egypt who were descended from the gods and thus had religious and political power | 73 | |
| 10655892970 | Akhenaton (p. 26) | pharaoh of Egypt who tried to make Egyptian religion monotheistic by calling of the worship of Aten, the sun god | 74 | |
| 10655892971 | Ramses the Great (p. 26) | power pharaoh of Egypt during the New Kingdom who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia, erected more temples and states, and made peace with the invading Hittites | 75 | |
| 10655892972 | Divison of Labor (p. 19) | human specialization caused by a surplus in food that makes use of differences in ability, fosters learning by doing, improves efficiancy, and saves time | 76 | |
| 10707763211 | Code of Hammurabi | A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. | 77 | |
| 10708127897 | Brahmin | in Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priests | 78 | |
| 10708147455 | Moksha | The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. | 79 | |
| 10708286743 | Upanishads | A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. | 80 | |
| 10709165856 | Dravidians | One of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago | 81 | |
| 10709253315 | Easter Island | An island in the eastern Pacific Ocean, part of Polynesia, known for its giant human head statues. | 82 | |
| 10709272070 | Pharaoh | A ruler of ancient Egypt | 83 | |
| 10709314471 | Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 84 | |
| 10709343608 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 85 | |
| 10709369530 | Mesoamerica | A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations. | 86 | |
| 10709421023 | Ziggurats | temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped | 87 | |
| 10709446107 | Theocrats | Rulers holding both religious and political power | 88 | |
| 10709459622 | Brahma | creator | 89 | |
| 10709466964 | Golden Age | period of great cultural achievement | 90 | |
| 10709478303 | Hieroglyphics | An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds | 91 | |
| 10709492723 | Hindi | Official language of India | 92 | |
| 10709502333 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 93 | |
| 10709545674 | Phoenicians | located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform | 94 | |
| 10709585076 | Hittites | located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform | 95 | |
| 10709608535 | Harrapa | A civilization along the Indus River estblished around 7,000 BCE. This city consisted of over 5,000 square miles. | 96 | |
| 10709647461 | aborginal | native | 97 | |
| 10709655954 | Xia Dynasty | A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 BCE | 98 | |
| 10709676360 | Indus River Civilization | an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River valley, from about 2500 to 1500 b.c. | 99 | |
| 10709733486 | Indus River Valley | chronologically, the third urban hearth, dating 2200 BCE | 100 | |
| 10709760631 | Maize | corn | 101 | |
| 10709769429 | Abraham | Founder of Judaism; made the first covenant with God | 102 | |
| 10709773679 | Aryans | immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC | 103 | |
| 10709793986 | Dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties | 104 | |
| 10709807374 | Scribes | professional record keepers | 105 | |
| 10709817618 | Sanskrit | the most important language of ancient India | 106 | |
| 10709830955 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 107 | |
| 10709870737 | Sumerians | The name of the first culture in the world to develop cities. | 108 | |
| 10709889458 | Old Kingdom | a period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC | 109 | |
| 10709913955 | Kush | an ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers controlled Egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C. | 110 | |
| 10709936228 | Chavin Civilization | American civilization, located on the Peruvian coast and known for jade work and a complex trade system | 111 | |
| 10709964205 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC) | 112 | |
| 10709986790 | Shang Dynasty | one of the first Chinese dynasties, ruled from 1700 to 1122 B.C.E. | 113 |
