Bentley Unit Two - chapters 7 - 12
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| 456985865 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland | 0 | |
| 456985866 | Darius | Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. | 1 | |
| 456985867 | Eyes and Ears of the King | Inspectors who made unannounced visits to provinces in Persia and reported back to the king to check up on the local government | 2 | |
| 456985868 | Xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C and was eventually defeated | 3 | |
| 456985869 | Mithradates I | The Parthians greatest conqueror; he had consolidated his hold on Iran and had also extended Parthian rule to Mesopotamia. | 4 | |
| 456985870 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement | 5 | |
| 456985871 | Persian | Of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture | 6 | |
| 456985872 | Zarathustra | Chief prophet of the Ancient Persian religion known as Zoroastrianism, which influenced Jewish and later Christian belief | 7 | |
| 456985873 | Achaemenids | Persian dynasty which traced its lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes; founded by Cyrus | 8 | |
| 456985874 | Persepolis | an ancient city that was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire | 9 | |
| 456985875 | Satraps | under Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions | 10 | |
| 456985876 | Royal Road | A road for the government use built by the ancient Persian ruler Darius which helped unite the empire | 11 | |
| 456985877 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131) | 12 | |
| 456985878 | Seleucids | One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Mesopotamia | 13 | |
| 456985879 | Parthians | Persian dynasty. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration. | 14 | |
| 456985880 | Sasanids | Last powerful Persian dynasty of the classical period that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Islamic/Arabic expansion. | 15 | |
| 456985881 | Qanut | Underground canal | 16 | |
| 456985882 | Ahura Mazda | Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu. | 17 | |
| 456985883 | Angra Mainyu | evil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world | 18 | |
| 456985884 | Avesta | The sacred text of Zoroastrianism, which includes the very old hymns known as the Gathas, along with more recent material. | 19 | |
| 457035224 | Confucius | Chinese philosphere and teacher; his belifs,known as confusoinism greatly influenced chinese life | 20 | |
| 457035225 | Analects | a collection of excerpts from a literary work | 21 | |
| 457035226 | Mencius | (371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. He wrote the Analects | 22 | |
| 457035227 | Laozi | Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. | 23 | |
| 457035228 | Qin Shihuangdi | Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing. | 24 | |
| 457035229 | Han Wudi | The most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads | 25 | |
| 457035230 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 26 | |
| 457035231 | Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature. | 27 | |
| 457035232 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52) | 28 | |
| 457035233 | Qin Dynasty | The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. | 29 | |
| 457035234 | Han dynasty | A great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity | 30 | |
| 457035235 | Sericulture | the production of raw silk by raising silkworms | 31 | |
| 457035236 | Yellow Turban Uprising | Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty | 32 | |
| 457222901 | Chandragupta Maurya | He founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. | 33 | |
| 457222902 | Ashoka | The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire. | 34 | |
| 457222903 | Chandra Gupta | Laid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age | 35 | |
| 457222904 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 36 | |
| 457222905 | Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184) | 37 | |
| 457222906 | Kushan Empire | Ruled central Asia to Northern India, important in spreading Buddhism to Chinese, took control of the Silk Road route. | 38 | |
| 457222907 | Gupta Empire | Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age | 39 | |
| 457222908 | White Huns | Nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration | 40 | |
| 457222909 | Buddhism | a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire | 41 | |
| 461401650 | Bhagavad Gita | The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. | 42 | |
| 461401651 | Homer | ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC) | 43 | |
| 461401652 | Pericles | Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece | 44 | |
| 461401653 | Socrates | Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth | 45 | |
| 461401654 | Plato | Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society | 46 | |
| 461401655 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system. | 47 | |
| 461401656 | Minoan society | Inhabited the island of Crete (major city: Knossos); around 2200 B.C.E. they acted as the center of maritime trade in the Mediterranean; used Linear A, an undecipherable syllabic alphabet; through a series of both natural disasters (1700 B.C.E.) and foreign invaders, were conquered by 1100 B.C.E. | 48 | |
| 461401657 | Mycenaean society | Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus c. 2200 B.C.E.; influenced by Minoan society; had a major settlement in Mycenae; used a syllabic alphabet called Linear B (evolved form of Linear A); inhabited Greece, Crete, Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy; c. 1200 B.C.E., engaged in conflicts with Troy | 49 | |
| 461401658 | Trojan War | A war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia | 50 | |
| 461401659 | polis | Greek word for city-state | 51 | |
| 461401660 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts | 52 | |
| 461401661 | Persian War | King Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece. | 53 | |
| 461401662 | Delian League | An alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians | 54 | |
| 461401663 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta | 55 | |
| 461401664 | Hellenistic Age | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 56 | |
| 461401665 | Antigonid Empire | The empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire. | 57 | |
| 461401666 | Ptolemaic Empire | The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals. | 58 | |
| 461401667 | Seleucid Empire | The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire. | 59 | |
| 461401668 | Gracchi brothers | two brothers (Tiberius and Gaius); they promoted giving land and voting reforms to the poor. Both were killed because they advocated these reforms | 60 | |
| 461401669 | Julius Caesar | Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power | 61 | |
| 461401670 | Augustus Caesar | The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace | 62 | |
| 461401671 | Cicero | Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers | 63 | |
| 461401672 | Etruscans | Beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization | 64 | |
| 461401673 | Punic War | one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome | 65 | |
| 461401674 | Twelve tables | the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law | 66 | |
| 461401675 | Patricians | A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies. | 67 | |
| 461401676 | Plebeians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders | 68 | |
| 461401677 | Latifundia | Large farming estates owned by wealthy families in Ancient Rome | 69 | |
| 461401678 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. | 70 | |
| 461401679 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 71 | |
| 461401680 | Silk roads | Trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire | 72 | |
| 461401681 | Nestorians | Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ. | 73 | |
| 461401682 | Edict of Milan | Issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire | 74 | |
| 461401683 | Council of Nicaea | (325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time such as the issue of the Trinity | 75 |
