Important Terms from "Traditions and Encounters" chapters one-six
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| 4969090975 | irrigation systems | Replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops |  | 0 |
| 4969090977 | ethnocentrism | Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |  | 1 |
| 4969090978 | nomadic | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently |  | 2 |
| 4969090979 | cultural diffusion | The spread of cultural elements from one society to another |  | 3 |
| 4969090983 | Jericho | a village in Jordan near the north end of the Dead Sea |  | 4 |
| 4969090985 | Metallurgy | the science or art of metals. It includes the study of their properties and structure, the separation and refining of metals from their ores, the production of alloys, and the shaping and treatment of metals by heat and rolling. |  | 5 |
| 4969090987 | Gilgamesh | a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories |  | 6 |
| 4969090988 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34) |  | 7 |
| 4969090989 | Nebuchadnezzar | A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem,and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon |  | 8 |
| 4969090990 | Mesopotamia | first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture |  | 9 |
| 4969090991 | fertile crescent | Found along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this was the first early river civilization. The cities in this area were governed by city-states and used irrigation to produced their corps. | | 10 |
| 4969090992 | ziggurat | a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians |  | 11 |
| 4969090993 | Patriarchy | a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line |  | 12 |
| 4969090994 | Cuneiform | an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia |  | 13 |
| 4969090995 | Palestine | an ancient country is southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean |  | 14 |
| 4969090996 | Torah | (Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written |  | 15 |
| 4969090997 | Bible | The book that contains the writings or scriptures that Christians recognize as the written word of God. |  | 16 |
| 4969090998 | Phoenicians | Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast |  | 17 |
| 4969090999 | Sargon of Akkad | an ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition. |  | 18 |
| 4969091000 | Hebrews | the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob) |  | 19 |
| 4969091001 | Abraham | Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command. |  | 20 |
| 4969091002 | Menes | king of upper egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt |  | 21 |
| 4969091003 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66) |  | 22 |
| 4969091004 | Nile River | the world's longest river (4180 miles) |  | 23 |
| 4969091005 | Nubia | an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile |  | 24 |
| 4969091006 | Pharaoh | a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader |  | 25 |
| 4969091007 | Hieroglyphs | pictures, characters, or symbols standing for words, ideas, or sounds; ancient Egyptians used instead of an alphabet like ours |  | 26 |
| 4969091008 | Bantu | a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent |  | 27 |
| 4969091009 | Indra | chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior God of thunder and strength |  | 28 |
| 4969091010 | Aryans | Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society. |  | 29 |
| 4969091011 | Dravidians | one of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago |  | 30 |
| 4969091012 | Harappan | Civilization that developed along the Indus River (Present Day Pakistan), Controlled larges areas of land on both sides of the Indus River, Largest two settlements were _______ and Mohenjo Daro, Known for City planning, sewer systems, indoor plumbing, and fortresses around their cities |  | 31 |
| 4969091013 | Mohenjo-daro | Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. Not Harappa |  | 32 |
| 4969091014 | Sanskrit | (Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism) |  | 33 |
| 4969091015 | Vedas | sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests |  | 34 |
| 4969091016 | Ganges River | Located in India, this river is considered sacred to Hindus and is used for spiritual cleansing, funeral rites, and other Hindu rituals. |  | 35 |
| 4969091017 | Caste | a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth |  | 36 |
| 4969091018 | Brahmins | Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans established |  | 37 |
| 4969091019 | Jati | sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function |  | 38 |
| 4969091021 | Upanishads | A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. |  | 39 |
| 4969091022 | karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation |  | 40 |
| 4969091023 | Dharma | In Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste |  | 41 |
| 4969091024 | Xia dynasty | This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery. |  | 42 |
| 4969091025 | Huang He | a major river of Asia in northern China |  | 43 |
| 4969091026 | Shang dynasty | Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. |  | 44 |
| 4969091027 | Mandate of Heaven | People believed that heaven gave them the authority to rule. They also believed that heaven would take it away |  | 45 |
| 4969091028 | Zhou dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism |  | 46 |
| 4969091029 | Period of the Warring State | Civil War broke out in during the Zhou Dynasty, beginning an age known in Chinese historical records as the "____________ of the ____________________ _____________________." |  | 47 |
| 4969091034 | Olmecs | (1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups. |  | 48 |
| 4969091035 | Maya | a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy |  | 49 |
| 4969091036 | Tikal | the most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings. |  | 50 |
| 4969091037 | Chichen Itza | Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl). |  | 51 |
| 4969091038 | Popol Vuh | the most famous of the Maya books that recounts the Highland Maya's version of the story of creation. |  | 52 |
| 4969091039 | Teotihuacan | first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". |  | 53 |
