Terms : Hide Images
| 97970812 | Agricultural Village | A relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend their crops. | 0 | |
| 97970813 | Fertile Crescent | a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates | 1 | |
| 97970814 | Sumer | an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq | 2 | |
| 97970815 | Sargon of Akkad | an ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition. | 3 | |
| 97970816 | Gilgamesh | a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories | 4 | |
| 97970817 | Ziggurat | a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians | 5 | |
| 97970818 | Pictograms | the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas | 6 | |
| 97970819 | Cuneiform | an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia | 7 | |
| 97970820 | Ideograms | The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English. | 8 | |
| 97970821 | Code of Hammurabi | the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety | 9 | |
| 97970822 | Shang Dynasty | the imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC | 10 | |
| 97970823 | Ma'at | the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head | 11 | |
| 97970825 | Pyramid | a massive memorial with a square base and four triangular sides | 12 | |
| 97970827 | Old Kingdom | 2700 BC - 2200 BC. Upper and Lower Egypt kept separate kingdoms, but later built unified government. Developed basic features of its civilization. BUILT THE PYRAMIDS: an eternal resting place for their god-kings. | 13 | |
| 97970829 | Middle Kingdom | 2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between NIle and Red Sea so Egytian ships could trade along coasts of Arabian Penninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria. | 14 | |
| 97970831 | Aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system | 15 | |
| 97970833 | Caste System | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity | 16 | |
| 97970835 | Babylonians | they extended their own empire and therefore helped bring civilization to the Middle East; Hammurabi introduced his code of law; it established rules of procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and the duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes | 17 | |
| 97970836 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64) | 18 | |
| 97970837 | Zhou Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC | 19 | |
| 97970838 | Oracle Bones | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future | 20 | |
| 97970839 | Sage Kings | Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200. Of the three sovereigns and five emperors based in the Huang He (Yellow River) region, Huang-tu (reigned c. 2697 BC) is credited with defeating the barbarians. The era has been associated with the domestication of animals, agricultural development, the gradual replacement of stone implements with bronze, and the formation of larger tribal confederacies. | 21 | |
| 97970840 | Anyang | the ancient Chinese capital of the Shang Dynasty | 22 | |
| 97970841 | Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 23 | |
| 97970842 | Nubia | an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile | 24 | |
| 97970843 | Olmecs | (1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups. | 25 | |
| 97970844 | Teotihuancan | City-state in South America with the most cultural influence over other settlements htat were spread across great distances | 26 | |
| 97970845 | Maya | a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples | 27 | |
| 97970846 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313) | 28 | |
| 97970847 | Chimu | Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314) | 29 | |
| 97970848 | Chavin | First major urban civilization in South America. Capital is de Huantar, was located in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Has 2 distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian Costal Plain and the Andean Foothills. | 30 | |
| 97970849 | Nok Culture | earliest known west african culture, farmers, first to smelt iron weapons and tools, traded, believe to have settled in djenne-djenno located near niger river, also located on important trade routes. | 31 | |
| 97970850 | Zapotecs | 500-600 BC/ developed own writting system, architecture modified | 32 | |
| 97970851 | Hegemony | the domination of one state over its allies | 33 | |
| 97970852 | Republic | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 34 | |
| 97970853 | Oligarch | one of the rulers in an oligarchy | 35 | |
| 97970854 | Indo-European | the language almost all other languages came from | 36 | |
| 97970855 | Assyrians | They are the next group to take over the Fertile Crescent after the Sargon.Their king was king Ashurbanipal.They were defeated by the Medes and the Chaldeans. | 37 | |
| 97970856 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66) | 38 | |
| 97970857 | Triumvirate | a group of three men responsible for public administration or civil authority | 39 | |
| 97970858 | Julius Cesear | one of history's greatest generals and a key ruler of the Roman empire. | 40 | |
| 97970859 | Satrapy | one of the 20 provinces in which Darius divided the Persian Empire | 41 | |
| 97970860 | Zoroastrianism | system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster | 42 | |
| 97970861 | Minoans | a culture that lived in greece between 3000 B.C. and 1400 B.C. | 43 | |
| 97970862 | Mycenaeans | an Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. | 44 | |
| 97970863 | Polis | A city-state in ancient Greece | 45 | |
| 97970864 | Dominance | the power or right to give orders or make decisions | 46 | |
| 97970865 | Athens | the capital and largest city of Greece | 47 | |
| 97970866 | Democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 48 | |
| 97970867 | Solon | a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs | 49 | |
| 97970868 | Hoplite | a heavily armed Greek foot soldier | 50 | |
| 97970869 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta | 51 | |
| 97970870 | Alexander the Great | king of Macedon | 52 | |
| 97970871 | Hellenistic | relating to or characteristic of the classical Greek civiliHzation | 53 | |
| 97970872 | Cyrus the Great | king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC) | 54 | |
| 97970873 | Hyksos | the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes. | 55 | |
| 97970874 | New Kingdom | the period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory | 56 | |
| 97970875 | Akhenaten | early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC) | 57 | |
| 97970876 | Pax Romana | the Roman peace | 58 | |
| 97970877 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 59 | |
| 97970878 | Plebeian | of the common people of ancient Rome | 60 | |
| 97970879 | Paterfamilias | the male head of family or tribe | 61 | |
| 97970880 | Octavian Augustus | Caesar's nephew, physically weak/nerdy; after beating Cleopatra and Antony he became 1st emperor of Rome | 62 | |
| 97970881 | Mark Antony | Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars | 63 | |
| 97970882 | Cleopatra VII | tried to reestablish Egypt's independence; her involvement with Rome led to her suicide and defeat | 64 | |
| 97970883 | Battle of Actium | battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire. Octavian won in 31 B.C. | 65 | |
| 97970884 | Stoicism | an indifference to pleasure or pain | 66 | |
| 97970885 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 67 | |
| 97970886 | Edict of Milan | 313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire | 68 | |
| 97970887 | Oligarchy | a political system governed by a few people | 69 | |
| 97970888 | Warring States Period | covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. | 70 | |
| 97970889 | Legalism | strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit | 71 | |
| 97970890 | Daoism | philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 72 | |
| 97970891 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy | 73 | |
| 97970892 | Liu Bang | helped overthrow Qin dynasty, 1st emperor of the Han dynasty, was born a peasant and worked way up to emperor | 74 | |
| 97970893 | Wudi | chineese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the chinese empire; made confusionism the state religion | 75 | |
| 97970894 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. | 76 | |
| 97970895 | Qin Dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 77 | |
| 97970896 | Qin Shi Huangdi | First Emperor; only emperor of Qin Dynasty; legalist; abolished feudalism and established a bureaucracy; anti-religion; building of Great Wall and other public works | 78 | |
| 97970897 | Confucius | Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC) | 79 | |
| 97970898 | Indo-Aryan | A sub-group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European group of languages, also called Indic and spoken in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The Indo-Aryan languages descend from Sanskrit, the sacred language of Hinduism; they include Hindi, a literary language, the more colloquial Hindustani, and the widely spoken Sindhi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punabi, and Sinhalese. | 80 | |
| 97970899 | Brahmin | a member of the highest of the four Hindu varnas | 81 | |
| 97970900 | Chandragupta Maurya | founder of the Mauryan Empire | 82 | |
| 97970901 | Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184) | 83 | |
| 97970902 | Siddartha Guatama | founder of Buddhism | 84 | |
| 97970903 | Gupta Empire | Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism | 85 | |
| 97970904 | Chandra Gupta I | This emperor came to power peacefully in about AD 320 and his empire was called the Gupta Empire. | 86 | |
| 97970905 | Hunas | The group who attacked the Guptas, leading to their fall. | 87 | |
| 97970906 | Monsoon | rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains | 88 | |
| 97970907 | Asoka | grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; was buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death | 89 | |
| 97970908 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. | 90 | |
| 97970909 | Hinduism | a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a | 91 | |
| 97970910 | Brahmanas | The second of four ancient hymns which deals with directions about performances of ritual sacrifices to deities | 92 | |
| 97970911 | Upanishads | A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. | 93 | |
| 97970912 | Dharma | basic principles of the cosmos | 94 | |
| 97970913 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 95 | |
| 97970914 | Siddhartha Gautama and the Buddha | same person | 96 | |
| 97970915 | The Four Noble Truths | 1. Life is Suffering (Symptom): man is mentally and emotionally ill, all life is sorrow. 2. The Cause of Suffering is Desire (Diagnosis) 3. Eliminate the desire (Prognosis): become totally attached from our likes and dislikes. 4. Apply 8-fold Path (Prescription) | 97 | |
| 97970916 | Nirvana | any place of complete bliss and delight and peace | 98 | |
| 97970917 | Mahayana | one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone | 99 | |
| 97970918 | Stupa | memorial mound ettected over the ashes of buddha and important monks | 100 | |
| 97970919 | Theravada | one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts | 101 | |
| 97970920 | Bodhisattva | Buddhist worthy of nirvana who postpones it to help others | 102 | |
| 97970921 | Jainism | religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism | 103 | |
| 97970922 | Mahavira | an extreme aesthetic who founded the religion Jainism and thought of several Hindu concepts, such as karma, in a very concrete way | 104 | |
| 97970923 | Kami | one the Shinto deities (including mythological beings, spirits of distinguished men, forces of nature) | 105 | |
| 97970924 | TaNaKh | the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings | 106 | |
| 97970925 | Torah | (Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written | 107 | |
| 97970926 | Abraham | Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command. | 108 | |
| 97970927 | Diaspora | the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel | 109 | |
| 97970928 | Augustine | (Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church | 110 | |
| 97970929 | Arianism | heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son | 111 | |
| 97970930 | Clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy | 112 | |
| 97970931 | Gregory I | (Roman Catholic Church) a pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership | 113 | |
| 97970932 | Monasticism | asceticism as a form of religious life | 114 | |
| 97970933 | Paul of Tarsus | hichly educated Jewish Roman citizen and founded Christian commmunities throughout Asia Minor | 115 |
