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| 7237351282 | Abraham | Hebrew patriarch that came from Sumerian city of Ur that migrated to northern Mesopotamia | 0 | |
| 7237351283 | Alphabet | Phoenician style of writing that consisted of 22 symbols that represented consonants only, ni vowels, made it easier for all people to be literate because it was much easier to learn than cuneiform since there were less symbols | 1 | |
| 7237351723 | Assyrians | hardy people from northern Mesopotamia, built flourishing cities on trade routes, extremely organized and powerful military, had horse-drawn war chariots, iron weapons, and archers that shot from moving platforms that unnerved the enemy, followed codes similar to Hammurabi, preserved first library, conquered Meso, Syria, Palestine, Anatolia, and Egypt, rebellion of conquered subjects was downfall | 2 | |
| 7237352116 | Bronze, Iron technology | bronze:Mesopotamian workers discovered that if you alloyed copper with tin, you'd get bronze, 4000 B.C.E., very expensive, weapons and farming tools iron: 1300 B.C.E. Hitties discovered iron by heating and molding charcoal, much cheaper because it was more common, metal of choice, quickly spread to Mesopotamian and Assyrians | 3 | |
| 7237352117 | City-state | controlled public life within the city walls, extended their authority to neighboring territories, oversaw affairs on surrounding agricultural regions, created because of permanent settlements overgrowing and needing organized government because of agriculture and food surpluses | 4 | |
| 7237352998 | Cross-cultural interaction, exchange | different cultures trade, share customs, and interact with each other, Mesopotamians influenced Hebrews with laws (Hammurabi) and deities before Moses, even with Yahweh still had same flood-destruction of nature and humanity story | 5 | |
| 7237352999 | Cuneiform | "wedge-shaped," flexible system of writing that used graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, ideas, and physical objects, reed stylus to write on wet clay, dried in sun and preserved records, Sumerians invented it, very cumbersome and had to receive formal education in order to learn it | 6 | |
| 7237353966 | Economic specialization | large number of people allowed for focus on tasks other than agriculture, which expand human skills to discover bronze and iron metallurgy, the wheel, and shipbuilding, as well as small artisan crafts | 7 | |
| 7237354344 | Elite | ruling classes that consisted of kings and nobles that won their positions because of their success as warriors as well as their valor, Mesopotamian ruling class, portrayed as offspring of the gods, set above all other social classes | 8 | |
| 7237354345 | Free commoner | part of Mesopotamian social class, worked as peasant cultivators in country on their own land, some worked in cities as artisans and physicians or engineers, paid taxes to support elite and temples, provided labor | 9 | |
| 7237354945 | Dependent client | part of Mesopotamian social class, owned no property, worked as agricultural laborers on land owned by others, owned portion of production to them, paid taxes to support elite and temples, provided labor | 10 | |
| 7237355350 | Slave | POW, convicted criminals, or individuals who had to sell themselves into slavery in order to pay off debt, agricultural workers, domestic servants, usually granted freedom after an amount of time or could buy it, lowest of Mesopotamian social class | 11 | |
| 7237355351 | Empire | an extensive group of states under a single supreme authority, i.e. Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi, Assyrian Empire under King Assurbanipal, Sargon of Akkad first did it, tired of warring city-states so decided to get enough power to control them all so they would stop warring with each other | 12 | |
| 7237355881 | Epic of Gilgamesh | best-known reflective literature from Mesopotamia, explored themes of friendship, meaning of life, inevitability of death, and relationships between humans and gods, about Giglamesh who was saved by god Enkidu from the wrath of the other gods who wanted to destroy all humanity because they were angry with it | 13 | |
| 7237355882 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king, "king of four quarters of the world," relied on regular taxation and centralized bureaucratic rule, stationed deputies at controlled territories, created Hammurabi's code, 1792-1750 B.C.E. | 14 | |
| 7237356298 | Hammurabi's Code | borrowed from predecessors, high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators, relied on lex talionis "law of retaliation," punishments were like violations, social standings were taken into account during verdicts, judges used own judgement, copied by many civilzations to come | 15 | |
| 7237357094 | Hanging gardens of Babylon | symbolized the luxuriousness of the city of Babylon, King Nebuchadnezzar's wife missed flowers of home so he planted them in terraces above city walls | 16 | |
| 7237357095 | Hebrews | speakers of Hebrew language, Abraham was patriarch, pastoral nomads, recognized many values, customs, and dieties of Mesopotamians, flood story and Hammurabi's Code, migrated to Egypt in 18th B.C.E., formed 12 Israelite tribes under Moses when left Egypt | 17 | |
| 7237357651 | Israelites | followed Moses out of Egypt and formed twelve loose tribes, branch of Hebrews, fought for territory in Palestine, Mesopotamian style of government, Moses preached monotheism of god called Yahweh, followed Torah and Ten Commandments, built capital at Jerusalem, split into two kingdoms: Israel in north and Judah in south, Assyrians attacked Israel, and Babylonians attacked Judah | 18 | |
| 7237357652 | Jews | maintained religious identity after attacked by Babylonians, did not abandon hope, built religious community based on relationship with Yahweh, Yahweh's teachings in Torah, and concern for justice and righteousness | 19 | |
| 7237358241 | Hitties | group of Indo-Europeans that migrated to Anatolia, adapted cuneiform, invented iron metallurgy with charcoal and war-chariots with spoked wheels that helped them conquer Anatolia | 20 | |
| 7237358242 | Indo-Europeans | tribal groups from southern Russia who migrated from India through Western Europe and distributed Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia, first discovered horses and used them to migrate, | 21 | |
| 7237358606 | Irrigation | the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of canals and reservoirs, helped Mesopotamia establish complex societies with lots of people | 22 | |
| 7237358607 | Kingdom | a group of cities or small villages controlled by one major leader | 23 | |
| 7237358943 | Monotheism | the worship of one god only, Moses taught the Israelites the monotheistic belief of Yahweh | 24 | |
| 7237358944 | Moses | lead Israelites out of Egypt, taught them there was only one god called Yahweh and all others were imposters, Yahweh was creator and sustainer of the world, brought them the Ten Commandments from Yahweh to live by, Torah, laid down all religious teachings of Hebrews was Brough along | 25 | |
| 7237358945 | Pastoral nomads | raise livestock and move about their territory to find good pasture for their livestock, produce food, Hebrews were this | 26 | |
| 7237359595 | Patriarchal society | society where all public and private affairs were in the hands of men, men were legally heads of the households, Mesopotamian society | 27 | |
| 7237359596 | Phoenicians | created series of independent city-states, relied on trade influence because land was bad, great ship builders, famous for red and purple textiles from local mollusk, prominent female deity was Astrarte, fertility goddess | 28 | |
| 7237360152 | Polytheism | the worship of multiple gods, the religion of most Mesopotamian cultures | 29 | |
| 7237360758 | Sargon of Akkad | talented administrator and warrior, established first Mesopotamian empire by organizing coup against local king, relied heavily on personal presence to remain in control, forced himself and army on subjects which they didn't like, broke and then controlled tax trade, ended from chronic rebellion | 30 | |
| 7237360759 | Semitic | spoke tongues of the Semitic family of languages, nomadic herders from Arabian and Syrian deserts, merged with Mesopotamians | 31 | |
| 7237361097 | Stele | central core of a stem, root of a vascular plant consisting of the vascular tissue and associated with supporting tissue | 32 | |
| 7237361098 | Yahweh | the god that the Hebrews worshipped as creator of the universe and only true god, gave Moses the Ten Commandments to tell the Israelites how to live, Torah said he would punish those who disobeyed human and reward those who didn't, sent prophets to warn Israelites to fix behavior or be attacked | 33 | |
| 7237361314 | Ziggurat | distinctive stepped pyramids that housed temples and pyramids to the principal local deity, heart of all Mesopotamian cities | 34 |
