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| 7419057647 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to islam. | 0 | |
| 7419059496 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children. | 1 | |
| 7669103482 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quarsyh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in islam. | 2 | |
| 7669129177 | Umayyad | Clan of Quarsyh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of islam; 661-750 | 3 | |
| 7669144593 | Quarysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century BCE | 4 | |
| 7669151921 | Ka'Ba | Most revered religious shrine in preislamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedoiuns tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 5 | |
| 7669173825 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad and following flight from Mecca. | 6 | |
| 7669195054 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quarsyh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632 | 7 | |
| 7669216982 | Khadijah | First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. | 8 | |
| 7669230738 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 9 | |
| 7669238482 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 10 | |
| 7669252864 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 11 | |
| 7669266242 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all muslims | 12 | |
| 7669273557 | Five Pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 13 | |
| 7669290440 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 14 | |
| 7669301909 | Hajj | A muslims pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 15 | |
| 7669312410 | Caliph | The political and religious successor of Muhammad | 16 | |
| 7669318062 | Bakr,Abu | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first Caliph pf Islamic community | 17 | |
| 7669334725 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of the larger clans; restored unity in Islam | 18 | |
| 7669348099 | Jihad | Struggle;often used for wars in defense of the faith | 19 | |
| 7669355580 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 20 | |
| 7669368805 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 21 | |
| 7669387838 | Uthman | Third Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad Clan | 22 | |
| 7669404368 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 637 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 23 | |
| 7669425984 | Mu'awiya | leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 24 | |
| 7669437496 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; supported by Ummayads | 25 | |
| 7669449248 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 26 | |
| 7669460941 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn; son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate. | 27 | |
| 7669472497 | Damascus | Syrian city that was the capital of Umayyad caliphate | 28 | |
| 7669484272 | Mawali | Non-arabs converts to Islam | 29 | |
| 7669492075 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories. | 30 | |
| 7669500161 | Ahul Kitab | literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians to Islamic territories; later extended to Zorastians and even Hindus. | 31 | |
| 7669533608 | Hadiths | traditions of the prophet | 32 | |
| 7669542086 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within islam; came to power in 750 CE | 33 | |
| 7669555943 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 34 | |
| 7669568714 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid Dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 35 | |
| 7669585491 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Perisan provinces of empire. | 36 | |
| 7669599946 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with traingular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design. | 37 | |
| 7669613932 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decaded of Abbasid rule. | 38 |
