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| 224899524 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.. Muhammed's tribe. | 0 | |
| 224899525 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 224899526 | Mecca | City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in the Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quarysh; place where the Ka'ba is located. | 2 | |
| 224899527 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins. Where Muhammed fled after he was kicked out of Mecca. | 3 | |
| 224899528 | Umayyad | Clan of Quarysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca. Were later able to establish a dynasty as rulers of Islam. | 4 | |
| 224899529 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-islamic Arabia, Located in Mecca, focus ofobligatory truce among bedouin tribes. | 5 | |
| 224899530 | Quaran | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammed. Its the holy book of Islam. | 6 | |
| 224899531 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create a degree of political unity. | 7 | |
| 224899532 | Zakat | Tax for charity that is obligatory for all muslims. | 8 | |
| 224899533 | Five Pillars | 1. There is only one god, Allah 2. You must pray five times a day facing Mecca 3. You must pay the government Zakat 4. You must fast for Ramadan 5. You must make a Pilgrimage to Mecca sometime during your life. | 9 | |
| 224899534 | Caliph | The political and religious successor of Muhammed | 10 | |
| 224899535 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammed; one of the orthodox Caliphs; focus for Shi'is | 11 | |
| 224899536 | Abu Bakr | The first caliph, Muhammed's father-in-law. | 12 | |
| 224899537 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammed's death in 632; resulted in the defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans. Restored unity to Islam. | 13 | |
| 224899538 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 14 | |
| 224899539 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of the Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning for Egypt. HIs death set of a civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan. | 15 | |
| 224899540 | Siffin | War fought between Ali and Muwaiya over who should be Caliph | 16 | |
| 224899541 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following the civil war with Ali | 17 | |
| 224899542 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam. Followers of the Umayyads. | 18 | |
| 224899543 | Shi'is | Political and theological division within Islam. Followers of Ali. | 19 | |
| 224899544 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali. Marked the beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate. | 20 | |
| 224899545 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 21 | |
| 224899546 | Jizya | Head tax payed by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories. | 22 | |
| 224899547 | Dhimmis | Literally "people of the book" applied as an inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories. | 23 | |
| 224899548 | Abbasids | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam. | 24 | |
| 224899549 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of the Empire. | 25 | |
| 224899550 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 26 |
