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| 7994276934 | almohads | group of Islamic reformers who overthrew the Almoravid dynasty - ibn tumert's disciples, a term that means "believers in the oneness of god" | 0 | |
| 7994276935 | almoravids | The Almoravids were crucial in preventing the fall of Al-Andalus to the Iberian Christian kingdoms, when they decisively defeated a coalition of the Castilian and Aragonese armies at the Battle of Sagrajas in 1086. This enabled them to control an empire that stretched 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) north to south. However, the rule of the dynasty was relatively short-lived. The Almoravids fell—at the height of their power—when they failed to quell the Masmuda-led rebellion initiated by Ibn Tumart. As a result, their last king Ishaq ibn Ali was killed in Marrakesh in April 1147 by the Almohad Caliphate, who replaced them as a ruling dynasty both in Morocco and Al-Andalus | 1 | |
| 7994276936 | bishopric | in the catholic church organization, a district (diocese) under the authority of a bishop | 2 | |
| 7994276937 | bourgeois | the social category of town-dwelling artisans, merchants, and bankers who occupied a position between rural peasants and the aristocratic class; in modern usage, the "middle class"; in marxist thought, the property-owning class that oppresses the working class | 3 | |
| 7994276938 | canon law | a code of laws and regulations governing a christian church or denomination, especially in matters of faith, worship, moral behavior, and church administration | 4 | |
| 7994276939 | charter | a document in which a state or other political authority granted specific rights or privileges to an individual, town, guild, or other organization to carry out particular functions | 5 | |
| 7994276940 | crusades | The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The most commonly known Crusades are the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Islamic rule but the term "Crusades" is also applied to other church-sanctioned campaigns. These were fought for a variety of reasons including the suppression of paganism and heresy, the resolution of conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, or for political and territorial advantage. At the time of the early Crusades the word did not exist, only becoming the leading descriptive term around 1760. They also had a hard life during the war | 6 | |
| 7994276941 | dai viet | Đại Việt (大越, IPA: [ɗâjˀ vìət], literally Great Viet) is the name of Vietnam for the periods from 1054 to 1400 and 1428 to 1804. Beginning with the rule of Lý Thánh Tông (r. 1054-1072), the third emperor of the Lý Dynasty, until the rule of Gia Long (r. 1802-1820), the first emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty, it was the second-longest used name for the country after "Văn Lang" | 7 | |
| 7994276942 | ghaznavids | mamluk rebellion that formed a dynasty | 8 | |
| 7994276943 | jin dynasty of the jurchens | destroyed the Liao state and took over china | 9 | |
| 7994276944 | kamakura shogunate | the first of Japan's decentralized military governments (1185-1333) | 10 | |
| 7994276945 | madrasa | a center of higher learning dedicated mainly to the study of islamic religious and legal subjects | 11 | |
| 7994276946 | magna carta (great charter) | document that ratified customary rights of the aristocracy against royal power and stipulated that the monarch could levy taxes only with aristocratic consent | 12 | |
| 7994276947 | mamluk | While mamluks were purchased as property, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. In places such as Egypt, from the Ayyubid dynasty to the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be "true lords" and "true warriors", with social status above the general population in Egypt and the Levant. In a sense they were like enslaved mercenaries. | 13 | |
| 7994276948 | meritocracy | a government or other institution in which individuals are awarded office and responsibility based on their merit - intelligence, talents, or education - rather than merely on their social status or circumstances of birth | 14 | |
| 7994276949 | mysticism | the individual pursuit of knowledge or consciousness of spiritual truth or divine reality, through meditation, prayer, study, or ecstatic experience; also, mystical religion, teaching, or practice | 15 | |
| 7994276950 | neo-confucianism | Neo-Confucianism (Chinese: 宋明理學; pinyin: Sòng-Míng lǐxué, often shortened to lixue 理學) is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao (772-841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties. Neo-Confucianism was an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty. Although the Neo-Confucianists were critical of Taoism and Buddhism, the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the Neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts from both. However, unlike the Buddhists and Taoists, who saw metaphysics as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the Neo-Confucianists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist ethical philosophy | 16 | |
| 7994276951 | north atlantic warm period | period from 800-1300 when the atlantic ocean warmed | 17 | |
| 7994276952 | principality | a sovereign state or dependent territory, usually relatively small, ruled by a person with noble title of high rank, for example, prince, princess; duke, or duchess | 18 | |
| 7994276953 | samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land | 19 | |
| 7994276954 | secular ruler | in the christian tradition, a monarch or other ruler who is not an ordained priest and does not formally represent the authority of the church; a temporal, as opposed to spiritual, leader | 20 | |
| 7994276955 | seljuk turks | The Seljuk Empire or Great Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (Persian: آل سلجوق) was a medieval Turko-Persian[14] Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia. (1037-1194) | 21 | |
| 7994276956 | song dynasty | 7th chinese dynasty - founded by emperor taizu of song; came into conflict with the contemporary liao and western xia dynasties in the north - the imperial dynasty of china from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy | 22 | |
| 7994276957 | sufism | Sufism or Taṣawwuf (Arabic: الْتَّصَوُّف [sect]; personal noun: صُوفِيّ - ṣūfiyy/ ṣūfī, مُتَصَوّف - mutaṣawwūf), which is often defined as "Islamic mysticism", "the inward dimension of Islam", or "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam", is a mystical trend in Islam "characterized ... [by particular] values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions" which began very early in Islamic history and represented "the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of" mystical practice in Islam. Although the overwhelming majority of Sufis, both pre-modern and modern, were and are adherents of Sunni Islam, there also developed certain strands of Sufi practice within the ambit of Shia Islam during the late medieval period. | 23 | |
| 7994276958 | Tale of Genji | The Tale of Genji (源氏物語 Genji monogatari) is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century in "concertina" or "orihon" style made of several sheets of paper pasted together and folded alternately in one direction then the other (Lyons, 2011[1]), around the peak of the Heian period. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic. Notably, the work also illustrates a unique depiction of the lifestyles of high courtiers during the Heian period.[2] While regarded as a masterpiece, its precise classification and influence in both the Western and Eastern canons has been a matter of debate. | 24 |
