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| 7933783685 | tropics | Region on Earth where because of the angle of earth's axis, the sun's rays warm it year-round. The equator marks the center and the ...of Cancer and the ...of Capricorn marks its borders. | 0 | |
| 7933824328 | monsoons | seasonal alternating winds.A gigantic high-pressure zone over the Himalaya Mountains that is at its peak from December to March produces a strong southward air movement (the northeast ...) in the western Indian Ocean. This is southern Asia's dry season. Between April and August a low-pressure zone over India creates a northward movement of air from across the ocean (the southwest ...) that brings southern Asia its heaviest rains. This is the wet season. | 1 | |
| 7933840289 | jungle | comes from an Indian word for the tangled undergrowth in the tropical forests that once covered most of southern India. | 2 | |
| 7960114060 | Himalayas | snow capped... rise so high that they block cold air from moving south, thus giving northern India a more tropical climate than its latitude would suggest | 3 | |
| 7960126678 | plateaus | the many.. of inland Africa and the Decan... of central India also make these regions somewhat cooler than the coastal plains. | 4 | |
| 7960162826 | flesh of seals, whales, and gazelles, and the roots of wild plants | people along the arid coast of southwestern Africa were well fed from a diet of... | 5 | |
| 7960202515 | pastoralists | consumed milk from their herds and traded hides and meat to neighboring farmers for grain and vegetables. In southern Africa, they sold meat to early Portuguese visitors. moved their herds to the water. The arid and semiarid lands of northeastern Africa and Arabia were home to the world's largest concentration of... | 6 | |
| 7960224744 | Somali | were urban dwellers, but most grazed their herds of goats and camels in the desert hinterland of the Horn of Africa. | 7 | |
| 7960234227 | Tuareg | western Sahara sustained herds of sheep and camels belonging to the..., whose intimate knowledge of the desert also made them invaluable as guides to caravans | 8 | |
| 7960250346 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 9 | |
| 7960254594 | Fulani | cattle-herders. gradually extended their range during this period. By 1500 they had spread throughout the western and central Sudan. | 10 | |
| 7960285187 | India's vegetation | Middle Eastern writer called this "the most agreeable abode on earth... its delightful plains resemble the garden of Paradise." | 11 | |
| 7960294751 | Rice cultivation | This dominated in the fertile Ganges plain of northeast India, in mainland Southeast Asia, and in souther China. | 12 | |
| 7960313609 | Bantu-speaking farmers | By 1200, ... introduced grains and tubers from West Africa throughout the southern half of the continent. | 13 | |
| 7960343229 | special water-control systems | Farmers in Vietnam, Java, Malaya, and Burma constructed... to irrigate their terraced rice paddies. | 14 | |
| 7960348118 | stone and earthen dams | Villagers in southeast India built a series of ... across rivers to store water for gradual release through elaborate irrigation canals. | 15 | |
| 7960366655 | Delhi Sultanate | centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. introduced extensive new water-control systems in northern India. Founded and ruled by invading Turkish and Afghan Muslims | 16 | |
| 7960374675 | Ceylon | (modern Sri Lanka) Since the tenth century, the Indian Ocean island of ... had been home to the greatest concentration of irrigation reservoirs and canals in the world. Irrigation system fell into ruin when invaders from Southern India disrupted the Sinhalese government. Population suffered from malaria | 17 | |
| 7960409827 | Sinhalese kingdom | Irrigation systems enabled the powerful... in arid northern Ceylon to suppport a large population | 18 | |
| 7960418315 | Angkor | Cambodia's capital city. Their system of reservoirs and canals was another impressive water work in Southeast Asia. | 19 | |
| 7960447180 | malaria | a tropical disease spread by mosquitoes breeding in the irrigation canals | 20 | |
| 7960462101 | copper and brass statues and heads | Skilled artisans in West Africa cast... that are considered among the masterpieces of world art | 21 | |
| 7960475839 | lost-wax method | Statues and heads from West Africa were made by the ..., in which molten metal melts a thin layer of wax sandwiched between clay forms, replacing the "lost" wax with hard metal. | 22 | |
| 7960494490 | gold | Africans exported large quantities of ... across the Sahara, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Some came from stream beds along the upper Niger River and farther south in modern Ghana | 23 | |
| 7960526196 | In the hills south of the Zambezi (modern Zimbabwe) river, archaeologists have discovered thousands of mine shafts, dating from 1200, that were sunk up to 100 feet into the ground to get at gold ores. | 24 | ||
| 7960526197 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. founded by an indigenous African dynasty that had earlier adopted Islam through the peaceful influence of Muslim merchants and scholars. Wealth depended heavily on its participation in the trans-Saharan trade, but long-distance trade played only a minor role in Delhi. Began to decline when rebellion broke out among the diverse peoples who had been subjected to Malinke rule. | 25 | |
| 7960551822 | billad al sudan | "land of the blacks" the fatih of Muhammad which gradually spread to the lands south of the desert | 26 | |
| 7960564226 | Takrur | in the far western Sudan. The first sub-Saharan African ruler to adopt the new faith. | 27 | |
| 7960579732 | King Sumanguru | Shortly after 1200, Takrur expanded in importance under... Sagas say that Sumanguru was able to appear and disappear at will, assume dozens of shapes, and catch arrows in mid-flight. | 28 | |
| 7960587554 | Sundiata | upstart leader of the Malinke people, handed Suman guru a major defeat. Defeated Sumanguru's much larger forces through superior military maneuvers and by successfully wounding his adversary with a special arrow that robbed him of his magical powers. | 29 | |
| 7960712977 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali. His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. To fulfill his personal duty as a Muslim, and to display his wealth, he departed in 1324 with a large entourage. He was so lavish with his gifts when the entourage passed through Cairo that the value of gold there remained depressed for years. After his return he promoted the religious and cultural influence of Islam in his empire. | 30 | |
| 7960761415 | Mansa Suleiman | Mansa Musa's successor | 31 | |
| 7960779713 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, it became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. West African city. In 1433, the desert Tuareg retook their city ... from Mali | 32 | |
| 7960792823 | iron stirrups | this tool helped the Muslim warriors to fire powerful crossbows from the backs of their galloping horses | 33 | |
| 7960805608 | Sultan Iltutmish | consolidated the conquest of northern India in a series of military expeditions that made his empire the largest state in India. He also secured official recognition of the Delhi Sultanate as a Muslim state by the caliph of Baghdad. | 34 | |
| 7968093193 | Raziya | Iltutmish's daughter. Iltutmish passed over his weak and pleasure-seeking sons and designated his beloved and talented daughter... as his heir. | 35 | |
| 7968099294 | Ala-ud-din Khalji | increased his control over the empire's outlying provinces. Successful frontier raids and high taes kept his treasury full; wage and price controls in Delhi kept down the cost of maintaining a large army; and a network of spies stifled intrigue. | 36 | |
| 7968111928 | Gujarat | Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing | 37 | |
| 7968117860 | Muhammad ibn Tughluq | Sultan ruler who received his visitor at his palace's celebrated Hall of a Thousand Pillars. complexities, the sultan resumed a policy of aggressive expansion that enlarged the sultanate to its greatest extent. He balanced that policy with religious toleration intended to win the loyalty of Hindus and other non-Muslims. He even attended Hindu religious festivals. | 38 | |
| 7968126480 | Firuz Shah | Successor of Tughluq. alienated powerful Hindus by taxing the Brahmins, preferring to cultivate good relations with the Muslim elite. Muslim chroniclers praised him for constructing forty mosques, thirty colleges, and a hundred hospitals. | 39 | |
| 7968132315 | Bahmani kingdom | controlled the Deccan Plateau | 40 | |
| 7968133595 | Vijayanagar Empire | To defend themselves against the southward push of Bahmani armies, the Hindu states of southern India united to form the ...which at its height controlled the rich trading ports on both coasts and held Ceylon as a tributary state. | 41 | |
| 7968140509 | dhow | ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. | 42 | |
| 7968142409 | junk | largest, most technologically advanced, and most seaworthy vessel of this time. Developed in China. Built from heavy spruce or fir planks held together with enormous nails. The space below the deck was divided into watertight compartments to minimize flooding in case of damage to the ship's hull. | 43 | |
| 7968152126 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of ... between the eastern end of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, was the meeting point of trade from Southeast Asia, China, and the Indian Ocean. | 44 | |
| 7968158552 | al-sudan | shores of the blacks | 45 | |
| 7968158553 | Swahili | People who, as a result of trading contacts, loaned words from Arabic and Persian enriched the language of the coastal Africans, and the first to write in it used Arabic script. Also the Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. | 46 | |
| 7968166547 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River' from the Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores" | 47 | |
| 7968170787 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 48 | |
| 7968173001 | Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. | 49 | |
| 7968176212 | Zamorin | ruler | 50 | |
| 7968176213 | Malacca | dominated the narrowest part of the strait. Under the leadership of a prince from Palembang, it had quickly grown from an obscure fishing village into an important port by means of a series of astute alliances. Also secured an alliance with China that was sealed by the visit of the imperial fleet in 1407. Served as the meeting point for traders from India and China as well as an emporium for Southeast Asia trade. | 51 | |
| 7968188642 | Ahmadabad | Gujarati capital. Where the culmination of a mature Hindu-Muslim architecture was the congregational mosque erected | 52 | |
| 7968190804 | Urdu | a Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters. Used as a literary language since the 1300s. | 53 | |
| 7968194898 | papermaking | Muslims introduced... in India | 54 | |
| 7968203408 | free labor | With... abundant and cheap, most slaves were trained for special purposes. | 55 |
