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| 9061596677 | Missonary | A person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country. | 0 | |
| 9061596678 | Protestant Reformation | A 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. | 1 | |
| 9061598335 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546) A German monk who initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to the door of Wittenberg church; emphasized faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church. | 2 | |
| 9061598336 | 95 Theses | Written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences | 3 | |
| 9061598337 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 4 | |
| 9061599768 | Henry VIII | (1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532 | 5 | |
| 9061620834 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 6 | |
| 9087080922 | 30 years war | A European continental war that took place from 1618-1648 (thirty years!). Most of the fighting took place in the Holy Roman Empire, although the war grew to include European powers outside of the Empire. What began as a local, religious conflict became more and more continental and political with each expanding phase of the war. | 7 | |
| 9087080923 | Counter Reformation | The period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years War. | 8 | |
| 9087086205 | Peace of Westphalia | A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence. | 9 | |
| 9087086206 | Christianity | The religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. | 10 | |
| 9087086262 | Missionaries | People sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country. | 11 | |
| 9087090264 | Jesuits | A member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. | 12 | |
| 9087090265 | Dominicans | A member of the Roman Catholic order of preaching friars founded by St. Dominic, or of a religious order for women founded on similar principles | 13 | |
| 9087090266 | Franciscans | A friar, sister, or lay member of a Christian religious order founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi, or of an order based on Franciscan rule. The Franciscan orders are noted for preachers and missionaries. | 14 | |
| 9104949855 | Syncretism | The amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought. | 15 | |
| 9104949856 | Vodou | New World religion with roots in West Africa; prominent in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora | 16 | |
| 9104949857 | Santeria | Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs | 17 | |
| 9104949858 | Macumba | A religion that combines beliefs and practices of African and Indian religions with Christianity | 18 | |
| 9104949859 | Francis Xavier | This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries that went on to promote Christianity | 19 | |
| 9104954140 | Matteo Ricci | An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China. | 20 | |
| 9104954141 | Sikhism | Monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak that blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs | 21 | |
| 9104957863 | Wahhabi movement | Islamic movement led by the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It began in the Middle East, eventually became expansive state in central Arabia. | 22 | |
| 9104967080 | Guru Nanak | Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism. | 23 | |
| 9120761308 | Scientific Revolution | new way of thinking about natural world, based on careful observations, willingness for people to question accepted beliefs | 24 | |
| 9120761309 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who proved Ptolemaic system's inaccuracy, proposed theory that sun was center of solar system | 25 | |
| 9120776297 | Galileo Galilei | created modern experimental method, formulated law of inertia, tried for heresy and forced to recant, discovered Jupiter's moons | 26 | |
| 9120776298 | Rene Descartes | French scientist/mathematician/philosopher who discovered law of optics, considered founder of analytic geometry, father of modern rationalism | 27 | |
| 9120779563 | Thomas Newton | English cleric, biblical scholar, author | 28 | |
| 9133014215 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. The enlightenment philosophers advocated for the right to knowledge, the right to freedom, and the right to happiness. | 29 | |
| 9133014216 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade | 30 | |
| 9133014217 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. He believes that the government is contractual between the government and the people. Advocated for natural rights. | 31 | |
| 9133017065 | Enlightenment Salon | An area in which may philosophers of the enlightenment period met and discussed with each other. | 32 | |
| 9133017066 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection set forth his theory of evolution. | 33 | |
| 9133020082 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis | 34 | |
| 9133026828 | Mary Wollstonecraft | British feminist who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting; published Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) | 35 | |
| 9133026829 | John (Jean Jacques) Rousseau | French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. He advocated the popular soverignty (right to self government, people rule). | 36 | |
| 9133070705 | Voltaire | French philosopher who championed Deism (God is a clockmaker who doesn't intervene with man's free will); attacked Christianity as being "intolerant." He believed in freedom of speech and religion. Happiness will improve human existence. | 37 |
