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| 5640249259 | caravels | Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia. | 0 | |
| 5640249260 | sea based empires | Spain, England, France, Dutch | 1 | |
| 5640249261 | British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. | 2 | |
| 5640249262 | Columbian Exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. | 3 | |
| 5640249263 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 4 | |
| 5640249264 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 5 | |
| 5640249265 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 6 | |
| 5640249266 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. | 7 | |
| 5640249267 | Ferdinand Magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 8 | |
| 5640249268 | Boers | Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers. | 9 | |
| 5640249269 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. | 10 | |
| 5640249270 | Francisco Pizarro | -Spanish conquistador, conquered incans | 11 | |
| 5640249271 | conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) | 12 | |
| 5640249272 | Hernando Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 13 | |
| 5640249273 | Montezuma II | the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520) | 14 | |
| 5640249274 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438) | 15 | |
| 5640249275 | mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 16 | |
| 5640249276 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 17 | |
| 5640249277 | Versailles | A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style | 18 | |
| 5640249278 | Adam Smith | 1723- 1790; Scottish; "Wealth of Nations"; first economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not completely against govt regulation; pro free trade; let individuals pursue own interest; attacks mercantilism- peep do thinks out of self interest (baker); prices should be fluctuated on just supply & demand- not what gov't say it is; philosophe; not hard-core conservative (gov't does have part); didn't trust businessmen; economics should have an economic (not military) end goal; skilled workforce and strong infrastructure determines power of country- not how much stacks of gold you have; colonization is dumb | 19 | |
| 5640249279 | absolute monarchy | A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power | 20 | |
| 5640249280 | constitutional monarchy | A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body. | 21 | |
| 5640249281 | Protestant Reformation | 16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther | 22 | |
| 5640249282 | Catholic Reformation (or "Counter Reformation") | The Catholic hierarchy realized that they were losing lots of their people and their control so they decided to change the church to maintain some power | 23 | |
| 5640249283 | Jesuits | A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the CHurch during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation. | 24 | |
| 5640249284 | The Enlightenment (the European philosophical movement) | 17th and 18th centuries. period of time when people started questioning religious dogmas and emphasizing scientific reasoning and knowledge. | 25 | |
| 5640249285 | Johannes Gutenberg | 1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time. | 26 | |
| 5640249286 | Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) Italian historian, statesman, and political philosopher of the Renaissance. His greatest work is The Prince, a book of political advice to rulers in which he describes the methods that a prince should use to acquire and maintain political power. This book was used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action to remain in power, or that "the ends justifies the means." | 27 | |
| 5640249287 | The Renaissance | - rebirth of interest in Greek and Roman (classical) ideas, literature and ar | 28 | |
| 5640249288 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 29 | |
| 5640249289 | The 95 Theses | In 1517 Martin Luther compiled this list of arguments against the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences (and possibly posted this list on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg) -- They initiated the conflict with the pope that ultimately led to the Lutheran split from the Catholic Church | 30 | |
| 5640249290 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | 31 | |
| 5640249291 | Isaac Newton | Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe. | 32 | |
| 5640249292 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 33 | |
| 5640249293 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars | 34 | |
| 5640249294 | Nicolaus Copernicus | (1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory. | 35 | |
| 5640249295 | King Henry VIII (of England) | King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce. | 36 | |
| 5640249296 | Time of Troubles | 1604-1613, During which the Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty. | 37 | |
| 5640249297 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. | 38 | |
| 5640249298 | Cossacks | A southern Russian band of peasant "warriors" who were treated poorly before they ran away. Later became and elite, somewhat powerful force. | 39 | |
| 5640249299 | Czar Peter the Great | brought back compulsory service which gave specific jobs to specific groups, brought western ideas to Russia, constant warfare with Turks and Sweds, made having beards a crime to show power over church/modernize and westernize country, founded St. Petersburg and made it his capital, killed son Alexis | 40 | |
| 5640249300 | Empress Catherine the Great (of Russia) | Russian ruler admired by the philosophes; took steps to modernize and reform Russia; put limited reforms in place, but did little to improve the lives of the Russian peasants; gave nobles absolute power over serfs because she needed the nobles' support (just crushed them in a rebellion); fought to gain access to the Black Sea against Ottoman Turks and expanded empire into Poland became ruler after death of peter the 3 | 41 | |
| 5640249301 | westernization | An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries. | 42 | |
| 5640249302 | Pugachev Rebellion | Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed | 43 |
