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| 8172739584 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 0 | |
| 8172759579 | Pope Leo X | (r. 1513-1521) A member of the wealthy Medici family of FLorence, famous for its patronage of the arts. | 1 | |
| 8172788758 | indulgence | a forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by church authorities as a reward for a pious act such as making pilgrimage, saying a particular prayer, or making a donation to a religious cause. | 2 | |
| 8172806031 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546) A young professor of sacred scripture who objected to the way the new indulgence was preached. Forsakes money and marriage for a monastic life of prayer, self-denial, and study. | 3 | |
| 8172839357 | Protestant Reformation | During a debate in 1519, a papal representative led Luther into open disagreement with some church doctrines, for which the papacy condemned him. Blocked in his effort to reform the church from within, Luther burned the papal bull (document) of condemnation, rejecting the pope's authority and beginning the movement known as... | 4 | |
| 8172880312 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) A well-educated Frenchman who turned from the study of law to theology after experiencing a religious conversion, became a highly influential Protestant leader. Published "The Institutes of the Christian Religion", a masterful synthesis of Christian teachings in 1535. | 5 | |
| 8172932489 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. The activities of a new religious order | 6 | |
| 8172952228 | Ignatius of Loyola | (1491-1556) A Spanish nobleman | 7 | |
| 8172968636 | Witch Hunts | Protestants and Catholics undertook this in early modern Europe. It was a dramatic illustration of those common beliefs and cultural heritage. | 8 | |
| 8172988705 | Scientific Revolution | The series of events that led to the birth of modern science | 9 | |
| 8172995275 | Nicholas Copernicus | (1473-1543) A Polish monk and mathematician who came up with a mathematically simpler solution: switching the center of the different orbits from the earth to the sun would reduce the number of spheres that were needed. | 10 | |
| 8173019991 | Danish Tycho Brahe | (1546-1601) An astronomer who strengthened and improved on Copernicus's model, showing that planets actually move in elliptical, not circular orbits. | 11 | |
| 8173030414 | Johannes Kepler | (1571-1630) German assistant of Danish Tycho Brahe. | 12 | |
| 8173047351 | Galileo Galilei | (1564-1642) Italian who built a telescope and saw that heavenly bodies were not the perfectly smooth spheres of the Aristotelians, the moon had mountains and valleys, the sun had spots, other planets had their own moons, and that the earth was not alone in being heavy and changeable. Ridiculed those who were slow to accept his findings. | 13 | |
| 8173090203 | Isaac Newton | (1642-1727) English mathematician who was carrying Galileo's demonstration that the heavens and earth share a common physics to its logical conclusion. Formulated a set of mathematical laws that all physical objects obeyed. | 14 | |
| 8173110105 | Enlightenment | The belief that human reason could discover the laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws that governed physics energized a movement known as the... | 15 | |
| 8173125658 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) The leading French thinker who declared: "No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for." | 16 | |
| 8173140431 | philosophers | Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit missionary to China whose journals made a strong impression in Europe, contrasted the lack of territorial ambition of the Chinese with the constant warfare in the West and attributed the difference to the fact that China was wisely ruled by educated men whom he called..., | 17 | |
| 8173162915 | Bourgeoisie | Urban class that dominated the wealth of the cities which came from manufacturing the finance, but especially from trade, both within Europe and oversees. | 18 | |
| 8173186716 | Amsterdam | Holland's largest city and Europe's major port. Served as EUrope's financial cneter. | 19 | |
| 8173196897 | fluit/ flyboat | A large-capacity cargo ship developed in the 1590s. It was inexpensive to build and required only a small crew. | 20 | |
| 8173219518 | Joint-stock companies | a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders. | 21 | |
| 8173225195 | Stock exchanges | marketplaces where stocks are bought and sold | 22 | |
| 8173235556 | gentry | A class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status. They loan their money to the poor or other nobles in return for greater amount of money. | 23 | |
| 8173244080 | Little Ice Age | A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era. | 24 | |
| 8173251829 | deforestation | The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. | 25 | |
| 8173279058 | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom originally made up of what is now Germany and Italy. The most notable example of the German heartland. | 26 | |
| 8173285510 | Habsburg | A powerful family of Austria which Charles V belonged to. | 27 | |
| 8173291037 | Charles V | (r.1519-1556) In 1519, electors of the Holy Roman Empire chose... to be the new emperor. Belonged to the powerful Habsburg family of Austria, but he had recently inherited the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon.He hoped to centralize his imperial power and lead a Christian coalition to halt the advance into southeastern Europe of the Ottoman Empire whose Muslim rulers already controlled most of the Middle East an North Africa. | 28 | |
| 8173334665 | French Wars of Religion | (1562-1598) | 29 | |
| 8173338218 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | 30 | |
| 8173341593 | Versailles | Louis XIV's gigantic new palace at... symbolized the French monarch's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility, clergy, and towns. | 31 | |
| 8173350145 | John Locke | (1632-1704) The English political philosopher disputed monarchical claims to absolute authority by divine right. | 32 | |
| 8173361702 | Thirty Years War | (1618-1648) Devestating war between Protestants and Catholics. | 33 | |
| 8173366730 | balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong | 34 | |
| 8173366731 | Great Northern War | war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea | 35 |
