Ap world history chapter 17 terms
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| 43472743 | Italian Renaissance | Cultural and Political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular prorates than those of the Middle Ages | 0 | |
| 43472744 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of the Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian renaissance | 1 | |
| 43472745 | Humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages | 2 | |
| 43472746 | Northern renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance | 3 | |
| 43472747 | Francis I | King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy roman emperor | 4 | |
| 43472748 | Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets | 5 | |
| 43472749 | European Style Family | Originated in the 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married | 6 | |
| 43472750 | Martin Luther | German monk; initiated Protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primary of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church | 7 | |
| 43472751 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varietes of religious belief | 8 | |
| 43472752 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 9 | |
| 43472753 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 10 | |
| 43472754 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. | 11 | |
| 43472755 | Jesuits | A new religiousorder founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia | 12 | |
| 43472756 | Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions | 13 | |
| 43472757 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 14 | |
| 43472758 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | 15 | |
| 43472759 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 16 | |
| 43472760 | Proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 17 | |
| 43472761 | Witchcraft Hysteria | Reflected resentment against poor, uncertanties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas | 18 | |
| 43472762 | Scientific Revolution | Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages | 19 | |
| 43472763 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe | 20 | |
| 43472764 | Johannes Kepler | A German astronomer from 1571-1630 who formulated three laws of how the planets revolve around the sun | 21 | |
| 43472765 | Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work | 22 | |
| 43472766 | John Harvey | English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump. | 23 | |
| 43472767 | Rene Descartes | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 24 | |
| 43472768 | Isaac Newton | English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observationsand widertheories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 25 | |
| 43472769 | Deism | Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun | 26 | |
| 43472770 | John Locke | English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason; and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants | 27 | |
| 43472771 | Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies | 28 | |
| 43472772 | Louis XIV | ( 1638- 1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy | 29 | |
| 43472773 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economics in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe | 30 | |
| 43472774 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king | 31 | |
| 43472775 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of 18th century, attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms to Germany, built on bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors, introduced freedom of religion, increased state control of the economy | 32 | |
| 43472776 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior | 33 | |
| 43472777 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces | 34 | |
| 43472778 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women | 35 | |
| 43472779 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation | 36 | |
| 43472780 | Predestination | Primary idea behind Calvinism; states that salvation or damnation are foreordained and unalterable; first put forth by John Calvin in 1531; was the core belief of the Puritans who settled New England in the seventeenth century. | 37 | |
| 43472781 | Parliamentary Democracy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 38 |
