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| 5622766809 | Potosí | Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. | 0 | |
| 5622771310 | Huancavelica | Greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production. | 1 | |
| 5622776898 | haciendas | Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced goods for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. | 2 | |
| 5622781935 | consulado | Merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of the silver shipped in return. | 3 | |
| 5622785959 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion. | 4 | |
| 5622791491 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World, Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. | 5 | |
| 5622794526 | letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system. | 6 | |
| 5622798761 | Recopilación | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies. | 7 | |
| 5622801802 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. | 8 | |
| 5622805556 | viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | 9 | |
| 5622809415 | viceroys | Senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representatives of the king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties. | 10 | |
| 5622813857 | audiencia | Royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws. | 11 | |
| 5622817408 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | 17th-century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. | 12 | |
| 5622821678 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500. | 13 | |
| 5622826633 | captaincies | Areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development. | 14 | |
| 5622833246 | Paulistas | Backwoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | 15 | |
| 5622839423 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | 16 | |
| 5622842315 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763. | 17 | |
| 5622849174 | sociedad de castas | Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed races in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | 18 | |
| 5622853087 | peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. | 19 | |
| 5622857311 | Creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | 20 | |
| 5622860655 | amigos del país | Clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform. | 21 | |
| 5622866362 | War of the Spanish Succession | (1702-1713); wide-ranging conflict fought between European nations; resulted in the installation of Philip of Anjou as king of Spain. | 22 | |
| 5622872470 | Charles III | Spanish monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. | 23 | |
| 5622875569 | José de Galvez | Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government. | 24 | |
| 5622879106 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 25 | |
| 5622882995 | Comunero Revolt | A popular revolt against Spanish rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed as a result of government concessions and divisions among rebels. | 26 | |
| 5622886269 | Tupac Amaru II | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 27 | |
| 5626057437 | Mestizo | A person mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. | 28 |
