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| 85648974 | civilization | to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. Settled agricultural life and certain political, social, economic, and technological traits are indicators of civilization | 0 | |
| 85648975 | culture | The production of such artworks and tools over wide areas and long periods of time that demonstrates that skills and ideas were not simply individual but were deliberately passed on within societies. | 1 | |
| 85648976 | history | The written evidence of the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices and events. | 2 | |
| 85648977 | Stone Age | The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. | 3 | |
| 85648978 | Paleolithic | A subperiod of the Stone Age, often referenced as the Old Stone Age, which lasted until 10,000 years ago, associated with the evolution of humans. (pre Neolithic) | 4 | |
| 85648979 | Neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution, and the origins of agriculture. | 5 | |
| 85648980 | foragers | hunting and food gathering peoples | 6 | |
| 85648981 | Agricultural Revolutions | the change between food gathering and food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution | 7 | |
| 85648982 | swidden agriculture | shifting cultivation; after a few seasons, farmers left the fields abandoned to natural vegetation, and cleared new fields nearby | 8 | |
| 85648983 | pastoralism | a way of life dependent on large herds of grazing livestock | 9 | |
| 85648984 | the Holocene | the geological era since the end of the Great Ice age about 11, 000 years ago | 10 | |
| 85648985 | megaliths | buildings made of stone like stone burial chambers, a calendar circle, and pairs of upright stones that frame the rising sun on the summer soltice. | 11 | |
| 85648986 | Catal Huyuk | a large Neolithic town dated between 7000-5000 B.C.E. and covered 32 acres | 12 | |
| 85648987 | Babylon | the most important city in southern Mesopotamia in the second and first millennia B.C.E. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century | 13 | |
| 85648988 | irrigation | the artificial provision of water to crops | 14 | |
| 85648989 | Sumerians | the people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions-taken over by their Semitic successors. | 15 | |
| 85648990 | Semitic | refers to a family of languages spoken in parts of western Asia and northern Africa. They include Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician of the ancient world and the Arabic of today. | 16 | |
| 85648991 | city-state | a self-governing urban center and the agricultural territories it controlled | 17 | |
| 85648992 | lugal | big-man or king | 18 | |
| 85648993 | cuneiform | A system of writing that originated in Mesopotamia where wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It was used initially Sumerian and Akkadian | 19 | |
| 85648994 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon; He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. | 20 | |
| 85653283 | scribe | an administrator or scholar charged by the temple or palace with reading and writing tasks | 21 | |
| 85653284 | ziggurat | a multi-story, mud-brick, pyramid shaped tower approached by ramps and stairs. | 22 | |
| 85653285 | amulets | small charms meant to protect the bearer from evil | 23 | |
| 85670916 | pharaoh | The Egyptian New Kingdom term for the king/ruler | 24 | |
| 85670918 | ma'at | the divinely authorized order of the universe | 25 | |
| 85670921 | pyramid | a series of stone platforms laid one on top of the other | 26 | |
| 85670923 | Memphis | The capital of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. | 27 | |
| 85670925 | Thebes | Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. | 28 | |
| 85670928 | Hieroglyphics | The earliest form of the writing system developed before the Early Dynastic period, featuring picture symbols standing for words, syllables, or individual sounds. | 29 | |
| 85670930 | papyrus | a paper material made from the stems of the reeds that grew in the Nile marshes | 30 | |
| 85670933 | mummy | a body preserved by chemical process or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife. In ancient Egypt the bodies of people who could afford mummification underwent a complex process of removing organs, filling body cavities, dehydrating the corpse with natron, and then wrapping the body with linen bandages and enclosing it in a wooden sarcophagus | 31 | |
| 85670935 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization may have been a center for acquisition of raw materials such as metals and precious stones from Afghanistan and Iran | 32 | |
| 85670937 | Mohenjo-Daro | Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization, centrally located in the extensive flood-plain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan, | 33 |
