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| 10732959100 | MESOPOTAMIA -Meaning of Mesopotamia -Location of Mesopotamia - How was the area affected by flooding -What nation was in that area | -Between the rivers -Within the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers -Flooding provided fertile silt for farmland but was unpredictable. - Sumer | 0 | |
| 10732961320 | Social structure of Mesopotamia | Rulers and Priests Merchants, artists, and scribes peasant farmers captured slaves | 1 | |
| 10733072741 | religion of Sumer | + Polytheistic: believes in many gods Religion in government THEOCRACY: religious leaders also lead government used Ziggurats- large pyramid like temples in city centers | 2 | |
| 10733080393 | Writing system in sumer | + Had a pictographic writing system called cuneiform (had more lines and less pictures than hieroglyphics), wedge shapes, used symbols for pictures, sounds, and ideas written on clay tablets | 3 | |
| 10733128249 | Hammurabi's code | 1st written code of law an eye for an eye for Mesopotamia created by the Babylonian king somewhere between 1792 BC and 1750 BC | 4 | |
| 10733161644 | Invaders of Sumer | The Akkadians over taken the Sumerians around 2270 BC. The Assyrians rise to power around 1900 BC. Later, the Babylonians rise to power. (Sometime around 1800 BC) | 5 | |
| 10733224180 | Egypt - location -how flooding affected it | - centered around the Nile River valley -floods at the same time every year and they could use that to their advantage to get rich, fertile soil | 6 | |
| 10733250751 | Which way does the Nile flow? | north | 7 | |
| 10733279072 | Natural borders of Egypt | -deserts to the east and west -Mediterranean Sea to the north -Cataracts (Divide the river and create rapids) marked the southern border of Upper Egypt | 8 | |
| 10733320363 | The three kingdoms of Egypt | Old, Middle, and New | 9 | |
| 10733311506 | Old Kingdom of Egypt -system of writing | Hieroglyphics - based on Sumerian script -Pictogrpahic and alphabetic elements | 10 | |
| 10733372773 | Government of Old Kingdom | -Upper and lower Egypt unites - Pharaohs have strong central authority and absolute power - a vizier was the chief minister who supervised day-to-day government | 11 | |
| 10733391582 | Decline of the Old Kingdom | -power struggles between local nomarchs - food shortages due to crop failures and drought - high cost of pyramids | 12 | |
| 10733431723 | Middle Kingdom trade | Trade with Nubians to the south increases (cultures of the two peoples begin to mix, eventually occupies Nubia) | 13 | |
| 10733460028 | Middle Kingdom- declines | Invaded by the Hykos from Western Asia Hykos adopt Egyptian customs and beliefs | 14 | |
| 10733483803 | Middle kingdom- government | pharaohs restore prosperity and stability | 15 | |
| 10733512720 | New kingdom- trade | more contact with other civilizations first known peace treaty signed with the Hittites | 16 | |
| 10733529652 | New kingdom-decline | Power declines after Rames II A succession of invaders conquer Egypt (Sea people, Hykos, Persians, And Greeks) | 17 | |
| 10733572885 | New Kingdom- pharaohs and government | New leaders drive out Hykos and result in stronger pharaohs Hatshepsut- female pharoah who encouraged trade King Tut- famous tomb Rames II- very powerful and ruled for 67 years, defeated the Hitties Akhenaton/Amonhotep IV- the first monotheist and husband of Nefertiti | 18 | |
| 10744339048 | first seven civilizations | Olmec Civilization Norte Chico Civilization Nile Valley Civilizations Mesopotamian Civilization Oxus Civilization Indus Valley Civilization Chinese Civilization (multiple "dynasties") | 19 | |
| 10744353674 | Caste system of India | Brahmins - priests Kshatriyas - warriors Vaisyas/Vaishyas - herders, farmers, artisans, merchants Sudras/Shudras - non-Aryans, laborers, servants | 20 | |
| 10744368511 | India - flooding -natural borders system of writing -major cities | -Flooding was unpredictable and the area had strong winds/monsoons -Himalayan mountains formed a natural border to the north -Writing has been discovered but not translated -Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were major cities with a well-planned grid pattern, standard size bricks, and extensive plumbing | 21 | |
| 10744403839 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. written in about 1500 BC includes prayers, poems, and Hindu gods and goddesses (Indus river valley) | 22 | |
| 10744415001 | aryans | Aryans were an Indo-European people who migrated into India through the Khyber Pass around 1750 BCE and began the Vedic Age based on the Vedas | 23 | |
| 10744423481 | Decline and religion of India | Were polytheistic, had a mother goddess of creation, and used images of sacred animals (bull and tiger) Society declined (1500 BCE) and multiple theories arose (natural disasters: tsunami, earthquake; invasion: Aryans) | 24 | |
| 10744438779 | Olmecs political set up | Authoritarian in nature Colossal heads - possibly rulers Power shown in pyramid construction | 25 | |
| 10744446736 | What did the Olmecs trade? | Jade and obsidian | 26 | |
| 10744449012 | What was the Olmec's legacy on their region? | Maize (corn) ceremonial centers were common to later societies Calendar Rituals of human sacrifice Ball games Olmecs did not leave written records | 27 | |
| 10744453262 | Olmecs art | Art was shown through colossal heads that are said to depict Olmec rulers (kind of like Eastern Island heads) | 28 | |
| 10744460850 | Olmecs decline | Cause of decline is not known Olmecs destroyed their ceremonial centers Society probably ruined by civil conflict Other societies eclipsed the Olmecs by 400 BCE | 29 | |
| 10744478432 | geography of Andean society | located along the Andes Mountains Impacted north-south movement and communication Created micro-cultures (cultures isolated within a region) | 30 | |
| 10744481440 | andean society- agriculture | Crops: beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton Dependent on irrigation Fishing produced food along with farming | 31 | |
| 10744493561 | Norte Chico | Sometimes called Cara-Supe after first discovery Arose around 4th millennium BCE, fell 1800 BCE Post-Sumer, Pre-Nile, Pre-Indus, Pre-Olmec 30 major civilization centers Likely theocratic government influencing construction Pre-ceramic, no visual art but evidence of textiles, cotton Cultivate crops include maize Heavily dependent on fishing!!! Large earthen platform mounds, sunken plazas | 32 | |
| 10744496069 | Chavin | Chavin cult 800 - 300 BCE Rise probably related to introduction of maize Small elite with connection to divine, likely shamans Known for monumental architecture Large temple complexes, plazas Andean First: elaborate artworks, craftsmanship Internal architecture of stairs, passageways, tunnels Extensive irrigation Extensive trade with different environmental regions | 33 | |
| 10744504428 | Moche Civilization | Mochica 300- 700 CE One of several early Andean states, located in northern Peru Likely not an empire or unified Heavy use of irrigation Mochica ceramics were highest quality, sophistication Extensive evidence of use of cotton and wool | 34 | |
| 10744641645 | Inca- Chucuito | Dominated highlands around Lake Titicaca Potatoes, llamas, and alpacas Traded with lower valleys Chewed coca leaves | 35 | |
| 10744643432 | Inca- Chimu | Powerful kingdom in Peru's lowlands Arose before mid-15th century Irrigation networks Maize and sweet potatoes Capital city at Chanchan had massive brick buildings | 36 | |
| 10744648100 | Incan capitals | Cuzco and Machu Picchu | 37 | |
| 10744653238 | Inca roads | Two connected north and south Runners carried messages Paved with stone, shaded by trees Helped spread Quechua (language) | 38 | |
| 10744656311 | inca trade | No merchants to trade; goods were bartered locally, not much specialization | 39 | |
| 10744659852 | Inca chiefs | Chief ruler was said to be descended from the sun God-king owned everything on earth Mummified rulers became intermediaries with gods | 40 | |
| 10744663294 | Inca priests | Priests led celibate, ascetic, and influential lives | 41 | |
| 10744665967 | Type of inca society | society ruled as a Socialist type centralized state | 42 | |
| 10744686144 | Inca religion | Inca gods Inti (sun god) and Viracocha (creator god) Other natural forces considered to be divine Animal/plant sacrifice Dead Inca Sapas guided state in death Moral thought (concept of good, bad, sin) -Concept of sin - violation of established order -Concept of after-death - punishment and reward -Rituals absolving sin - confession and penance -Similar to Catholicism | 43 | |
| 10744700562 | Quipu | An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. Like binary Different "dialects" Length, color, position of cords; types of knots; and relationship of knots to each other Accounting quipu used by church/Spanish for taxes | 44 | |
| 10744702758 | Inca colonies | Colonies: Allyu and Mitmaq | 45 | |
| 10744707186 | Ayllu | -all Inca divided ionto social groups - Kinship groups spread across geography Each Ayllu: +claimed land at different elevations + insured a variety of produce +grazing land within ayllu held in common +farming land given to families based on size +Conquered peoples had their own ayllus similarly structured | 46 | |
| 10744739355 | Mitmaq | -Inca colonies - each ayllu contributed people -relocated to new territories -each new mitmaq required to bring lands under cultivation -each mitmaq served as a garrison to control new lands -each mitmaq spoke Quechua, Amyara, the Incan languages | 47 | |
| 10744756282 | Where and What was Teotihuacan | a city Built in the highlands of Mexico Colossal pyramids of sun and moon dominated the skyline Between 400 and 600 CE the city had 200,000 inhabitants Paintings and murals reflect the importance of priests | 48 | |
| 10744761456 | Teotihuacan society | Rulers and priests dominated society Two-thirds of inhabitants worked in fields Famous for obsidian tools, orange pottery professional merchants No sign of military organization | 49 | |
| 10744761457 | Teotihuacan culture | Inherited Olmec's culture Honored earth god and rain god | 50 | |
| 10744762777 | Teotihuacan decline | Military pressure from other peoples since 500 CE Began to decline 650 CE Invaders came in the mid-8th century | 51 | |
| 10744790015 | Mayan society | Kings, priests, and hereditary nobility at the top Merchants were from the ruling class Elite served also as ambassadors Professional architects and artisans were important Peasants and slaves were majority of population | 52 | |
| 10744798282 | Where did the Mayans live? | highlands of Guatamala | 53 | |
| 10744800987 | Mayan calendar | Maya Calendar: Maya priests understood planetary cycles and could predict eclipses Besides the solar year, also had a ritual year of 260 days and 20 months Combined attributes of two calendars determined the fortune of activities | 54 | |
| 10744815762 | Mayan religion | religious thought -Popol Vuh, a Maya creation myth -Gods created humans out of maize and water Gods maintained agricultural cycles -Gods placated -Exchanged for honors and sacrifices -Priests interpreted calendars Bloodletting rituals -Most important rituals, to honor the gods for rains -Sacrificing captives led to many wars for victims -Also voluntary blood shedding | 55 | |
| 10744822034 | Mayan ballgame | The Maya ballgame: Played by two individuals or two teams Very popular, every ceremonial center had stone-paved courts | 56 | |
| 10744825271 | Mayan writing | Maya writing Contained both ideographic elements and symbols for syllables Maya scribes used writing extensively Only four books survived the destruction by Spanish conquerors | 57 | |
| 10744834186 | Tikal | Tikal (300-900 CE) Most important Maya political center Bustling city Population: 40,000 Enormous plazas, temples, pyramids, palaces | 58 | |
| 10744835888 | warfare of Mayans | Constant warfare between cities for prestige Warriors won prestige Captives became slaves or sacrificial victims to gods | 59 | |
| 10744838415 | Chichen Itza | Rose as power by 9th century Organized loose empire in northern Yucatan | 60 | |
| 10744840940 | Mayan decline | Began in 800 CE Mayas deserted their cities except Chichén Itzá Causes of decline are unknown | 61 | |
| 10744847857 | Migration of Aztecs | Circular migration - sometimes starts in basin at Mexico at Colhuacan -means the place of the owners of grandfathers -often disguised as teo-true colhuacanClosest relatives in Arizona, NM Probably migrated because of drought Began in 1000 CE and arrived in Valley in 1250 CE Chichimec ancestry | 62 | |
| 10744878322 | located in central Mexico | Aztecs or Mexica | 63 | |
| 10744901559 | tribute and trade of Aztecs | Tribute obligations were oppressive No bureaucracy or administration in empire No standing army Tribute from 489 subject territories Tribute flowed to Tenochtitlan | 64 | |
| 10744908870 | aztec/ Mexica religion | Tezcatlipoca - giver/taker of life, patron deity of warriors Quetzalcóatl - supporter of arts, crafts, and agriculture Huitzilopochtli - the war god Human sacrifice was encouraged Had large temple at center of Tenochtitlan Hundreds of thousands sacrificed Ritual bloodletting Rivalry between Huitzilopochtli and Quetzalcóatl Quetzalcóatl was the protector of humans Tricked by some gods, fall from grace Driven into exile wiht promise to return | 65 | |
| 10744912780 | social hierarchy of Mexica or Aztec | Warriors Top of hierarchy Great wealth, honor, and privileges Mexica women No public role Mothers of warriors were honored Honor of children was equal to capturing people in battle Priests Mexica elite Specialized in calendrical and ritual lore Advisers to Mexica rulers Occassionally became leaders themselves Cultivators and slaves Cultivators worked on chinamapas (small plots of reclaimed land) Worked on aristocrats' land Paid tribute and provided labor for public works Large number of slaves that worked as domestic servants Craftsmen and merchants Skilled craftsmen had some prestige Merchants supplied exotic goods and military intelligence but were viewed with suspicion as greedy profiters | 66 | |
| 10744921943 | social hierarchy of Atecs | warriors mexica women priests cultivators/slaves craftsmen and merchants | 67 | |
| 10744939820 | Oxus or Amu Darya River valley- location | Located in current-day northern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan | 68 | |
| 10744942873 | Oxus or Amu Darya River valley- economy | Irrigation agriculture Stock raising | 69 | |
| 10744945641 | Oxus or Amu Darya River valley- culture | Architecture Ceramics Burial techniques Seals although not literate Social hierarchy was existent | 70 | |
| 10744945642 | Oxus or Amu Darya River valley- fortification | Centers were fortified and had residential compounds, artisan workshops, and temples surrounded by extensive walls and gates | 71 | |
| 10744953996 | Oxus or Amu Darya River valley- trade and decline | Exchanged goods with China, India, Mesopotamia, forest dwellers in Siberia, and pastoral nomads of the steppe land; exchanged intellectually and commercially Faded away and cities were abandoned at about the same time as the Indus Valley (around 1700 BCE) | 72 | |
| 10744978973 | Neolithic Era | Called "New Stone Age" and "Agricultural Revolution" Agriculture changed the way that people live by causing a sedentary lifestyle and advancing technologies | 73 | |
| 10744977874 | Paleollithic Era | Called "Old Stone Age", "hunter-gatherer phase", "nomadic phase" Homo habilis - hominid (human-like) creature that learned to make stone tools about 2.3 million years ago Homo erectus - hominid species that migrated out of Africa about 1 million years ago Homo sapiens - hominid species that emerged 200,000-250,000 years ago in eastern and southern Africa They got their food by hunting and gathering They stopped moving around because the domestication of plants and animals caused a population boom that made it harder to move around | 74 | |
| 10744983800 | Difference in primary and secondary sources | Primary - eyewitness/first-hand/original accounts Secondary - analysis or interpretation of/second-hand accounts | 75 | |
| 10744993876 | Xia Dynasty | Xia Dynasty is considered to be the first Chinese dynasty (2070-1600 BCE) | 76 | |
| 10744995754 | subsequent dynasties after Xia | Shang (1600-1046 BCE), Zhou (1046-771 BCE) | 77 | |
| 10745009208 | Chinese writing system | Early Chinese writing has been found on "oracle bones" that were said to predict the future and help rulers make decisions | 78 | |
| 10745007308 | political ideology of China | Rulers are alled the "Son of Heaven" Said to serve as an intermediary between heaven and earth Ruled by the "Mandate of Heaven" if he ruled with benevolence and maintained social harmony in his land | 79 |
