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| 49059210 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century. They unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established an empire that included most of the Arab world and some of Eastern Europe (Balkans) that lasted until after WW I. | 0 | |
| 49059211 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. | 1 | |
| 49059212 | Janissaries | Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; had great political influence after the 15th century. | 2 | |
| 49059213 | Vizier | Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan. | 3 | |
| 49059214 | Suleymaniye mosque | Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th-century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all Ottoman rulers | 4 | |
| 49059215 | Safavid dynasty | Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. | 5 | |
| 49059216 | Safi al-Din | Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty | 6 | |
| 49059217 | Chaldiran | Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state. | 7 | |
| 49059218 | Abbas I (the Great): | Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology | 8 | |
| 49059219 | Imams | Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors. | 9 | |
| 49059220 | Mullahs | Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism. | 10 | |
| 49059221 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture. | 11 | |
| 49059222 | Mughal dynasty | Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century. | 12 | |
| 49059223 | Babur: | Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530 | 13 | |
| 49059224 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556 | 14 | |
| 49059225 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority | 15 | |
| 49059226 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death | 16 | |
| 49059227 | Taj Mahal | Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India | 17 | |
| 49059228 | Nur Jahan | Wife of ruler Jahangir, who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. | 18 | |
| 49059229 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707. | 19 | |
| 49059230 | Red Heads | Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive read headgear. | 20 | |
| 49059231 | Shah | Turkic term used for emperor. | 21 | |
| 49059232 | Padishah | Safavid term used for king of kings. | 22 | |
| 49059233 | Nadir Khan Afsher | (1688 - 1747) Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom. | 23 | |
| 49059234 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 24 | |
| 49059235 | Mumtaz Mahal | 1593 - 1631) Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal | 25 | |
| 49059236 | Sikhs | Members of a Hindu religious sect. founded in northern India around 1500. They believe in one god and reject the caste system. | 26 |
