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| 5826292694 | reconquista | the christian attempt to reconquer muslim spain, ended in 1492 when the muslim city of Grenada fell to the spanish christians | 0 | |
| 5826294564 | lateen sails | a triangular sail, they were very maneuverable and could catch winds from all directions, they enabled european ships to use winds from any direction and to sail against the wind | 1 | |
| 5826297029 | astrolabe | one of the most important pieces of navigational equipment, used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun in comparison to sea, soon replaced by cross back staffs | 2 | |
| 5826299475 | magnetic compass | a tang or song dynasty invention, another one of the most important pieces of navigational equipment, used to determine direction (N,S,E,W) | 3 | |
| 5826301109 | volta do mar | "return through the sea", a portuguese method of taking advantage of winds and currents, they took indirect routes to their destinations, it was much faster and safer and more reliable than sailing against the wind, originally used for the portuguese to sail home from the canary islands off the coast of western africa | 4 | |
| 5826306606 | joint-stock company | an efficient form of commercial organization, which brought large profits to the investors, the english and the dutch each created their own | 5 | |
| 5826443331 | english east india company | the english joint-stock company, founded in 1600, launched by private merchants but it enjoyed government support, the company was very successful | 6 | |
| 5826445530 | VOC (united east india company) | the dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, also launched by private merchants and enjoyed government support, also very successful | 7 | |
| 5826446990 | manila galleons | spanish ships that were sleek, fast, and heavily armed, used for carrying cargo from asia to mexico, they took luxury goods to mexico and brought mexican silver back to manila in asia | 8 | |
| 5826449086 | vasco de gama | a portuguese mariner who departed from Lisbon in 1497 and headed for india, where he made a lot of money, especially off of pepper and cinnimon | 9 | |
| 5826453596 | christopher columbus | proposed the idea of sailing to india by going west, he proposed this idea to the portuguese monarch but they rejected him, so he turned to the spanish rulers of fernando and isabel who funded his trip, he did not actually make it to india but landed in the bahamas instead, he also failing to bring back wealth and metals to spain, he also insisted that he had landed in india, he never admitted to failing to reach his intended destination | 10 | |
| 5826461926 | ferdinand magellan | the first person to travel all the way around the world, he was portuguese but he sailed under the spanish flag | 11 | |
| 5826462983 | james cook | one of the most important pacific explorers, he charted the eastern half of australia, new zealand, and some of the polynesian islands, he completed the europeans knowledge of all ocean basins | 12 | |
| 5826467908 | francis drake | 13 |
