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| 9114808961 | Muhammad Ali | Man who led the contingent of the Albanian soldiers who were ordered to restore the imperial control by the sultan. He took control of the Ottoman empire and ruled over the Mamluks and their properties. Like Napoleon I, he worked to bring the French culture in order to reconstruct the Egyptian land. | 0 | |
| 9114810129 | Janissaries | Once Christian boys from Balkans who were forced to convert to Islam. They served in the army of the Ottoman empire and rose to become a politically significant force in Istanbul and places like Baghdad. Because they wanted to preserve the special economic privileges gained from being in the army, a new military unit was not created. | 1 | |
| 9114811586 | Serbia | The Ottoman territory. In the Balkans which is located here, a military uprising occurred due to Janissaries. Janissary's control in this place was intensely resented by the local residents, especially the Orthodox Christians. | 2 | |
| 9114943143 | Tanzimat reforms | "reorganization" Set of reforms which was announced by Muhammad Ali's 16 y/o son, Abdul Mejid. It announced freedom and equality among the Muslim, Christian, and Jew, guaranteed rights, equalized men's social standings, formed a new taxation system which ended tax farming from the Ottoman Empire. The "men of the ..." was the reformed bureaucrats. They rejected the religious views and followed a legal code which emphasized, civil, criminal, and commercial procedures. | 3 | |
| 9114945289 | Men of the Tanzimat | Reformed bureaucrats who rejected the religious views and followed a legal code which emphasized civil, criminal, and commercial procedures. | 4 | |
| 9114972382 | Eastern Question | Complex issue about the Ottoman territories and whether it should continue to exist, and if not, who would take over its territory lasted until the empire finally disappeared after WWI. | 5 | |
| 9115221460 | Slavophiles | intellectuals who opposed the westernizers. They considered the Orthodox faith, the solidity of peasant life, and the tsar's absolute rule to be the proper bases of a Russian civilization. Its tendency gave rise to Pan-Slavism after Russia's defeat in the Crimea. | 6 | |
| 9115349370 | Decembrist revolt | When Alexander I died in December 1825, confusion over who was to succeed him encouraged a group of reform-minded army officers to try to take over the government and provoke an uprising. It failed, and many of the participants were severely punished. These events ensured that the new tsar, Nicholas I, would pay little heed to calls for reform over the next 30 years. | 7 | |
| 9115360235 | narodniki | a politial movement dedicated to making Russia a land of peasant communes | 8 | |
| 9115370013 | Bannermen | hereditary soldiers of the Qing Empire. proven to be useless after the Opium War | 9 | |
| 9115393928 | Crimean war | From 1853 to 1856. It took place in Romania, specifically on the Black Sea and the ... peninsula. The France, Britain, and Italian kingdom of Sardinia Piedmont united with the Ottomans to attack the Russians. The team sunk the Russian fleet and Tsar Nicholas lost his life, leaving Alexander II at lead. The Russians were unable to expand afterwards due to the unity with the Ottoman empire. The war came to an end after an agreement was made where the Ottoman territory was left for exclusive use. | 10 | |
| 9115396921 | extra-territoriality | A status of the Europeans who were able to live in their own enclaves residing in Istanbul as well as other commercial centers. This was unlike the laws of the Ottoman jurisdiction but the Ottoman government favored the Europeans due to their imports and banks which changed the currency to a much systemic conversion to the European currencies. | 11 | |
| 9115398297 | young Ottomans | A group of educated young urban men who desired to become wealthy and influential. These men believed that their leaders were willing to continue domination of the empire's cultural, economic, and political life by the Europeans. Although they did not have an organization, | 12 | |
| 9115399056 | pan-slavism | A Slavophile tendency which increased in popularity after Russia was defeated in the Crimean war. It was a military political doctrine which brought unity to the Slavic people, as well as the people living under the Ottoman and Austrian rule. | 13 | |
| 9115399711 | opium war | This war between 1839 to 1842, began when the Qing officials and the British representatives' negotiations came to an end. Through the war, it was proven that the Bannermen were outdated just like the Janissaries. | 14 | |
| 9115400229 | treaty of nanking | A negotiation between the Qing and the British in 1842 in order to break up the Canton system. This caused the amount of treaty ports to increase. | 15 | |
| 9115402597 | treaty ports | cities which were open to the foreign residents. | 16 | |
| 9115403408 | most-favored-nation-status | given to Britain as part of the supplementary treat. It gave rights where when China granted privileges to other countries, Britain will be included as well. This prevented China's colonization due to the giving of land. | 17 | |
| 9115404568 | taiping rebellion | a great civil war from the 1850 to 1864 in Guangxi. The rebellion derived from social problems, unstable agriculture, people living off of loathing trade Hong Xiuquan founded the this movement Hong Xiuquan founded the new religion called the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace." The Hakka were the minority group and Hong worked with them to spread his religious doctrine. Women did farming and labor word. They would also participate as soldiers. | 18 | |
| 9115433044 | Empress Dowager | Later observers, both Chinese and foreign, reviled her as a monster of corruption and arrogance. But in the 1860s and 1870s she supported the provincial governors, some of whom became so powerful that they were managing Qing foreign policy as well as domestic affairs. | 19 | |
| 9115442473 | white lotus rebellion | partly inspired by a messianic ideology that predicted the restoration of the Chinese Ming dynasty and the coming of the Buddha -- raged across central China and was not suppressed until 1804. It initiated a series of internal conflicts that continued through the 1800s. Ignited by deepening social instabilities, these movements were sometimes intensified by local ethnic conflicts and by unapproved religions. The ability of some village militias to defend themselves and attack other intensified the conflicts, though the same techniques proved useful to southern coastal populations attempting to fend off British invasion. | 20 | |
| 9115461052 | Nicholas I | brother of Alexander I. built the first railroad in Russia. committed to strict discipline. Instead of risking of allowing the development of a middle class and a working class which may challenge his control, he kept the peasants in serfdom and preferred to import most industrial goods and pay for them with exports of grain and timber. Rule similarly to Tanzimat-inspired bureaucracy of the Ottoman empire. For the next 30 years, he does not call for a reform. | 21 |
