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| 14610231635 | Civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses. | 0 | |
| 14610231636 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers" -- the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. | 1 | |
| 14610231637 | 3500 BCE | Civilization developed in Mesopotamia on the heels of changes in technology and communication. | 2 | |
| 14610231638 | 4 Distinctive Features of Civilization | economic surplus, formal governments, writing, urban centers. | 3 | |
| 14610231639 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia in about 4000 BCE by organizing region into city-states. | 4 | |
| 14610231640 | Cuneiform | First known form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 5 | |
| 14610231641 | Ziggurat | Massive temples operated by priests in Mesopotamia, and were examples of the first monumental architecture. | 6 | |
| 14610231642 | Polytheism | Belief in multiple gods, and seeing aspects of gods in many aspects of nature. | 7 | |
| 14610231643 | city-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia where a king ruled claiming divine authority. | 8 | |
| 14610231644 | Patriarchal Structure | Societal structure where men were dominant in the public and private realms of life. | 9 | |
| 14610231645 | Akkadians | Invaders who supplanted the Sumerians around 2400 BCE. | 10 | |
| 14610231646 | Sargon | Great Akkadian king who unified the empire and maintained a professional army. | 11 | |
| 14610231647 | Babylonians | Following the Akkadians, they extended their empire and extended their civilization to other parts of the Middle East. | 12 | |
| 14610231648 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who introduced a code of law that established procedure for courts of law, property rights and duties of family members. | 13 | |
| 14610231649 | Hammurabi's Code | A set of laws that set harsh punishments for crimes. | 14 | |
| 14610231650 | Semitic | A group of people and a language that came to dominate the Mesopotamian region. | 15 | |
| 14610231651 | Egyptian Civilization | The second major civilization to arise, occurring along the Nile River around 3000 BCE. | 16 | |
| 14610231652 | Pharaoh | Egyptian king who possessed immense power, and were viewed as god, or god-like by their people. | 17 | |
| 14610231653 | Pyramids | Tombs for Egyptian pharaohs. | 18 | |
| 14610231654 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of Nile around 1000 BCE. | 19 | |
| 14610231675 | Mesopotamian Ziggurat |  | 20 | |
| 14610231676 | Egyptian Pyramid |  | 21 | |
| 14610231655 | Indus River | River whose source is in the Himalayas and the home of Harappan Civilization around 2500 BCE. | 22 | |
| 14610231656 | Harappa | Major urban complex in the Indus Rive Valley Civilization, which was laid out on a grid pattern. | 23 | |
| 14610231657 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists originating from Central Asia who replaced Harappan civilization. | 24 | |
| 14610231658 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally, but eventually written as sacred books beginning around the 6th century BCE. | 25 | |
| 14610231659 | Rig-Veda | The first epic consisting of 1028 hymns dedicated to the Aryan gods. | 26 | |
| 14610231660 | Mahabharata | India's greatest Epic Age poem created between 1000-600 BCE. | 27 | |
| 14610231661 | Ramahyana | Another great epic poem dealing with mythical battles and narrates the life of Rama. | 28 | |
| 14610231662 | Upanishads | Epic poems that were more mystical in nature. | 29 | |
| 14610231663 | Yellow River | Huanghe civilization--major civilization in China. | 30 | |
| 14610231664 | Ideography | Chinese form of writing that had formed at least 3000 pictographic characters by 1500 BCE. | 31 | |
| 14610231665 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence suggests. | 32 | |
| 14610231666 | Zhou | Second Chinese dynasty flourishing between 1029-700 BCE. | 33 | |
| 14610231667 | Mandate of Heaven | Divine support and basis for rule by Chinese emperors. | 34 | |
| 14610231668 | Mandarin | Language supported initially by the Zhou to create cultural unity. | 35 | |
| 14610231669 | Olmecs | Established the first civilization in the Americas, on a coastal area of what is now called the Gulf of Mexico. | 36 | |
| 14610231670 | Chavin de Huanter | Important pottery making center in the highlands of what is now Peru. | 37 | |
| 14610231671 | Phoenicians | Society that emerged along the Mediterranean coast of the Middle East who were a seafaring people that devised a simplified 22 letter alphabet. | 38 | |
| 14610231672 | Jews | A semitic speaking people influenced by Babylonian civilization who settled near the Mediterranean around 1200 BCE. | 39 | |
| 14610231673 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god. | 40 | |
| 14610231674 | Jehovah | The single god worshipped by the Jews. | 41 |
