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| 200838533 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples. | 0 | |
| 200838534 | Darius I | Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. | 1 | |
| 200838535 | Polis | the early greek city-state, made up of a city and surrounding countryside and run like an independent country | 2 | |
| 200838536 | Hoplite | a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece; moved around in groups called phalanxes | 3 | |
| 200838537 | Tyrant | in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it | 4 | |
| 200838538 | Democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 5 | |
| 200838539 | Sacrifice | Something given up for the sake of another. | 6 | |
| 200838540 | Herodotus | Greek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history. | 7 | |
| 200838541 | Pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. | 8 | |
| 200838542 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. | 9 | |
| 200838543 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He made enemies in government by revealing the ignorance of others. | 10 | |
| 200838544 | Peloponnesian War | A protracted (431-404 B.C.E.) and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support. | 11 | |
| 200838545 | Alexander | King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. | 12 | |
| 200838546 | Hellenistic Age | (323-30 B.C.E) Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of Islam. | 13 | |
| 200838547 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras. | 14 |
