Ap world history chapter 6 terms.
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| 31875317 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 0 | |
| 31875318 | Shaykhs (sheiks) | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 31875319 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashin clan of Quryash tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and there after; died in 632 | 2 | |
| 31875320 | Khadijah | First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. | 3 | |
| 31875321 | Qur'an | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 4 | |
| 31875322 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a. | 5 | |
| 31875323 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 6 | |
| 31875324 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 7 | |
| 31875325 | Five Pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 8 | |
| 31875326 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 9 | |
| 31875327 | Haji | A Muslim's pyramid to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 10 | |
| 31875328 | Caliph | successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims | 11 | |
| 31875329 | Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 12 | |
| 31875330 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 13 | |
| 31875331 | Jihads | Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith; holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Islam faith | 14 | |
| 31875332 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 15 | |
| 31875333 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 16 | |
| 31875334 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 17 | |
| 31875335 | Mu'awiya | Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 18 | |
| 31875336 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads. | 19 | |
| 31875337 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 20 | |
| 31875338 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 21 | |
| 31875339 | Damascus | the chosen city by the umayyad Caliphs in Syria to be their capital. they ruled from ad 661 to ad 750 | 22 | |
| 31875340 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 23 | |
| 31875341 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 24 | |
| 31875342 | Dhimmi | Literally "People of the Book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus | 25 | |
| 31875343 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 26 | |
| 31875344 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 27 | |
| 31875345 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasidsover Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 28 | |
| 31875346 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 29 | |
| 31875347 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire. | 30 | |
| 31875348 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 31 | |
| 31875349 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 32 |
