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| 8220456671 | Buddhism | In Central Asia and China, ___________ flourished as the old polities foundered (fell apart). | 0 | |
| 8220456674 | People felt deeply about religion because they had the ability to process what was important to them as individuals. They discussed issues of truth, loyalty, and solidarity through spiritual leaders | How did religion affect people? Why were they drawn to religion? | 1 | |
| 8220456675 | The nature of human beings, whose they should obey, the degree of allegiance they owed to an unseen ruler, and whom they should die for (in Christianity, it was their faith=martyrs) | What questions did religion answer? | 2 | |
| 8220456676 | It brought people together and enabled them to identify with people and places beyond the local world. | As cultures shrugged off their older heritages, what did having a shared faith do for them? | 3 | |
| 8220456677 | Distinctions between right and wrong drew lines between peoples; little room for tolerance of other beliefs | How did religion also drive people apart? | 4 | |
| 8220456679 | He brought to Chang'an (then the world's largest city), from India, an entire library of Buddhist text, lodged them in the Great Wild Goose Pagoda and began to translate every line into Chinese. | What did the Chinese Buddhist Xuanzang do? | 5 | |
| 8220456680 | People whom the Roman authorities executed for persisting in their Christian beliefs instead of submitting to traditional rituals or beliefs | What is a martyr? | 6 | |
| 8220456681 | She was a martyr who faced horrible punishment for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods. She and her companions were condemned to face wild beasts in the amphitheater. | Who is Vibia Perpetua? | 7 | |
| 8220456683 | He believed that a vision sent by Christ had brought him military victory | Why did Roman emperor Constantine move Rome to Christianity? | 8 | |
| 8220456684 | The issue of obedience to god rather than a human rule | What issue of obedience sparked a mediterranean-wide debate? | 9 | |
| 8220456686 | He was born near the Danubian frontier and he belonged to a class of professional soldiers. His troops proclaimed him emperor after his father, Constantius, died. | What is the background of Constantine? | 10 | |
| 8220456687 | Labarum symbol, which looks like a X placed over a P | What was the symbol on the soldiers shields that Constantine's dream told him to use? | 11 | |
| 8220456688 | He issued a proclamation exalting the work of the Christian bishops and giving them tax exemptions | After Constantine won his decisive battle thanks to his dream, what proclamation did he issue? | 12 | |
| 8220456689 | Heaven on earth; Cathedra | Basilicas in Rome are like "________ ____ _______". What was the bishop's special throne called? | 13 | |
| 8220456690 | They had spacious courtyards where the poor would gather. In return for receiving tax exemptions, bishops had to take care of the metropolitan poor, becoming their governors. | How did the churches in Rome, the new urban public forums, help the poor? Who was responsible for them? | 14 | |
| 8220456691 | They became judges, as Constantine turned their arbitration process for disputes between Christians into a kind of small claims court. | Why did bishops in Rome become judges? | 15 | |
| 8220456692 | The Christian clergy in Egypt replaced hieroglyphics with a more accessible script known as Coptic | Spreading christianity into Africa and southwest Asia required a breaking of the language barriers. How did the Christian clergy help this situation? | 16 | |
| 8220456694 | The Christian faith was summed up in a creed, they balanced three separate persons in one God, and they also agreed to hold Easter | What was the purpose of Constantine gathering all the Christian bishops and holding a council of Nicaea? | 17 | |
| 8220456695 | He was an elderly bishop in Palestine who presented a vision of the new Christian Roman Empire that would have surprised martyrs in Carthage | Who was Eusebius? What was his purpose? | 18 | |
| 8220456696 | They were simply a more violent and chaotic form of a steady migration; its core meaning is foreigner; status determined by ability to fight | Who were the barbarians that fought in armies on Roman territory? | 19 | |
| 8220456697 | Emperor Valens encouraged the Goths to enter the empire, as they were in need of manpower. Due to lack of food and supplies, the Goths rebelled against Valens. | What happened with the Goths? | 20 | |
| 8220456698 | Valens was planning to give a speech about obedience, but the Goths thunderous charge proved decisive. Valens and a large portion of the Roman army vanished, trampled to death by the men and horses they hoped to hire. | How did the battle between the goths and Valens work out? | 21 | |
| 8220697264 | The Huns, and their leader was Attila | After the fall of Rome, who threatened the border of Western Europe? Who was their ruler? | 22 | |
| 8220697265 | He imposed himself as the sole ruler of all Hunnish tribes. He was a harsh overlord who frightened the Germanic peoples even more than the Romans. He ruled eastern and Central Europe. | Who was Attila? Where did he rule? | 23 | |
| 8220697266 | Alaric II | Who was the king of the Goths? | 24 | |
| 8220697267 | The simplified code of imperial law provided his Roman subjects with all that was necessary to maintain a Roman way of life in a world without an empire. | What law code did Alaric issue? | 25 | |
| 8220697268 | Spiritual capital; Catholic Church | After Alaric II law code, Rome became the __________ ___________ instead of an imperial one. The sense of unity of the Roman Empire gave way to a sense of the continued unity of the church. The ___________ _____________ became the one institution to which all people felt that they belonged. | 26 | |
| 8220697269 | The bishops of Rome | Who emerged as popes? | 27 | |
| 8220955466 | It was highly centralized and all roads led to Constantinople | In general, what was the Byzantium like? What did all roads lead to? | 28 | |
| 8220955467 | Constantine, before the council of Nicaea, build a grandiose city is Byzantium called New Rome, but it soon took on the name Constantinople | How did Constantinople come to be? | 29 | |
| 8220955468 | He became emperor of Constantinople and was determined to outdo his ancestors; he also reformed the Roman laws | Who was Justinian? | 30 | |
| 8220955469 | the Digest and the Institutes, they were made under Justinian's rule | What works were the foundation of what is know known as "Roman Law"? Who was ruling when they were made? | 31 | |
| 8220955470 | A giant church that was built in place of an old basilica; it's name means "Holy Wisdom"; "eye of the civilized world"; it represented the flowing together of Christianity and imperial culture that marked the eastern Roman Empire | What is the Hagia Sophia? | 32 | |
| 8228684152 | One third of the population of Constantinople died within weeks | What occurred in the Bubonic Plague? | 33 | |
| 8228684153 | Justinian had the misfortune of ruling in this time period. While Justinian survived this event, he had to rule over an empire whose heartland was decimated. | Who ruled during the bubonic plague? What did it do to his rule? | 34 | |
| 8228684154 | He called himself the king of all kings | What was the mindset of the Sassanian ruler? | 35 | |
| 8228684155 | Ctesiphon; twenty miles south of modern Baghdad | What was the capital of the Sassanian Empire? Where was it located? | 36 | |
| 8228684156 | The Great Arch of Khushro, it was just as awe-inspiring as the Hagia Sophia was to Christians | What was built to symbolize the king's presence in Ctesiphon? | 37 | |
| 8228684157 | He exemplified the model ruler: strong and just. Justinian and him were rivals, as he was in the east and Justinian was in the west. | Who was Khushro Anoshirwan? | 38 | |
| 8228684158 | They sacked Antioch in Rome | What did the Sasanian Khushro and his army sack in 540 CE? | 39 | |
| 8228684159 | The greatest war seen for centuries escalated between Rome and Persia. Neither of them reached into the heart of the other empire. Khushro II surrendered to emperor Heraclius. | After Khushro took over Antioch, what war emerged? What happened? | 40 | |
| 8228839104 | Armored Calvary, covered from head to toe in flexible armor, chain mail, horses drained in thickly padded cloth. Lethal swords were light and flexible | What was the Persian army like? | 41 | |
| 8228839105 | Sasanian Empire | Which empire controlled the trade and cultural crossroads of Afro-Eurasia? | 42 | |
| 8228839106 | They took in everybody | How did the Sasanians treat people of different religion? | 43 | |
| 8228839107 | The rabbis of Mesopotamia | Who created the Babylonian Talmud? | 44 | |
| 8228839108 | Named after Nestorius, a bishop of Constantinople; claim to have been converted to Christianity by Thomas the apostle ("Saint Thomas Christians"); spread Christianity into China | Who were the Nestorian Christians? | 45 | |
| 8230860269 | By patrolling the Silk Road between Iran and China | How did tribal confederacies in the great oasis of Central Asia maintain the links between west and east (Rome and Asia)? | 46 | |
| 8230860270 | Zoroastrian and Mesopotamian beliefs, touched with Brahmanic influences | What was the Sodgians religion a mix of? | 47 | |
| 8230860271 | Common tongue of the early Silk Road | What was the Sodgian language? | 48 | |
| 8230860272 | They made sure products from the Far East made it to the far west. Products are carefully packed on camel caravans from many different empires and taken wherever they need to go. | How did Sogdians help with trade and transportation? | 49 | |
| 8230860273 | Central Asia; cultural | ________ _________ between 400 and 600 CE was the hub of a vibrant system of religious and ___________ contacts covering the whole of Afro-Eurasia. | 50 | |
| 8230860274 | They had splendid mansions that show strong influences from the warrior-aristocracy culture of Iran. Palace walls display armored riders, reflecting the revolutionary change to calvary warfare from Rome to China | What was Sogdian architecture like? | 51 | |
| 8230860275 | Nomadic groups made the roads into Central Asia safe to travel, enabling Buddhism to spread northward and eastward via mountains into China. | How did Buddhism spread to China? | 52 | |
| 8230860276 | All along the way from the Taklamakan Desert to northern China | Where were welcoming cave monasteries found? | 53 | |
| 8245825221 | He was king during Gupta dynasty in South Asia, and he and his son expanded the Gupta territory to the entire northern Indian plain and made a long expedition to southern india | Who was Chandragupta, "king of kings, great king"? What did he do? | 54 | |
| 8245825222 | Widespread religious yearnings and popular sentiments of the age | What did poetry express during the reign of Chandragupta in the Gupta dynasty? | 55 | |
| 8245825223 | An early epic that Kalidasa worked with and it was read by the common people because it was a collection of memories of the past and it underscored religious precepts of ideal behavior | What is the Mahabharata? | 56 | |
| 8245825224 | Mahayana: worshipped Buddha as a god amongst imperfect peoples, Buddhism became a universal religion Hinayana: fully accepted Buddha as a god but could not accept the divinity of bodhisattvas, more old-fashioned Buddhism, remained loyal to early Buddhist text as opposed to the Sanskrit canon, | What are the differences between Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism? | 57 | |
| 8245825225 | Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka | Where is Hinayana mainly practiced? | 58 | |
| 8245825226 | Mahayana and Hinayana | What are the two main schools of Buddhism? | 59 | |
| 8245825227 | They made shrines and worshipped a dragon who they believed brought rain at prosperous times. They offered the dragon food each day to ensure good harvest. | How did Buddhist incorporate powerful local spirits into their rituals? | 60 | |
| 8246881160 | Hinduism; they wanted their religion to be in accord with rural life and agrarian values | What did Brahmanism change their religion to? Why? | 61 | |
| 8246881161 | While they were Brahmins, they offered animals as sacrifice. After the switch to Hinduism, they stopped offering them as sacrifice so they decided that eating them was just as bad. | Why were Hindu peoples vegetarian? | 62 | |
| 8246881162 | Buddhism and Jainism; agrarian | Hinduism absorbed __________ and ___________ practices, as they identified themselves with ______________ culture. | 63 | |
| 8246881163 | Brahma (birth), Vishnu (existence), and Siva (destruction). In addition, they also represent the 3 expressions of the eternal self, or atma | What were the 3 deities in Hinduism and what do they each represent? | 64 | |
| 8246881164 | Bhakti | Which practice of Hinduism stressed personal devotion to gods? | 65 | |
| 8246881165 | Yes it was monotheistic because the three deities formed a trinity. However, some people worshiped one deity more than another. | Was Hinduism montheistic? Why? | 66 | |
| 8246881167 | Sanskrit Cosmopolis | What emerged to unify the south and large parts of southwest Asia (Hinduism ruled the heavens, but who ruled the land?)? | 67 | |
| 8246881168 | Unified the north and large parts of southwest asia; based on Hindu spiritual beliefs; cultural synthesis; Sanskrit language | What is the Sanskrit cosmopolis? | 68 | |
| 8246881170 | Laid out a set of laws designed to address the problems of assimilating strangers, offered guidance for living in the caste system, answered how to organize communities after floods | What did the Laws of Manu do? | 69 | |
| 8246881171 | Dietary rules, marriage, profession, and ways to cope with changing Indian society | What specific areas did the laws of manu address? | 70 | |
| 8246881172 | Hinduism; control | _____________ spread to areas away from state __________ and helped create a shared "Indic" culture. | 71 | |
| 8246881173 | Several small kingdoms who competed for the remembered glories of a large empire | What was created after the fall of the Han? | 72 | |
| 8246881174 | Several small kingdoms competed for the land in China after the fall of the Han, but no state was able to conquer more than half of Chinas territory. This period of civil wars dragged out for 3 centuries. | What is the Six Dynasties period? | 73 | |
| 8246881175 | The Tuoba and they founded the Northenrn Wei dynasty that administered half of the Han territory | Who was the most successful regime of the Six Dynasties Period? What did they create? | 74 | |
| 8246881176 | They kept them because they lived on the outskirts of the Han as tributary states. They taxed land and labor by census, conferred official ranks and titles, practiced court rituals and promoted classical leaning and the use of Classical Chinese for record keeping. | What traits from the Han did the Wei dynasty keep? Why? | 75 | |
| 8246881177 | Though the Tuoba were nomadic warriors, they adapted city-based military technology. They used dikes, fortifications, canals, and walls | What was the Wei army like? | 76 | |
| 8246881178 | They rebuilt the capital city at Luoyang by drafting huge numbers of workers just as the Qin and Han did. | What did the Wei dynasty rebuild? How? | 77 | |
| 8246881179 | The Tuoba royal family adopted the name of Yuan and required all court officials to speak Chinese and dress Chinese. This did not work however. | How did the northern Wei rulers try to make their government more "Chinese"? Did this work? | 78 | |
| 8246881180 | She tried to strengthen the relationship between the Luoyang and themselves, the Wei. She would give two allotments to all young men—Han or Wei—who would cultivate the land. This failed to bridge the cultural divides of the Han Chinese of Luoyang and the Tuoba Wei | Who was Dowager Empress Fang? What were her efforts pointing to? | 79 | |
| 8247632071 | A Buddhist scholar and missionary, bearer of exotic holy books, and his influence on Chinese though was critical | Who was Kumarajiva/Kumaraji? | 80 | |
| 8247632072 | Translated Buddhist text into Chinese, clarified Buddhist terms and philosophy, established Madhyamika (middle way) Buddhism (used irony and paradox to show that reason was limited), and stressed devotional acts like meditating and breath control | What did Kumarajiva/Kumaraji do? | 81 | |
| 8247632074 | Unlike Christianity, who was the same in all places at all times, Buddhism took in the gods and wisdom from every country it touched, making it a different kind of universalizing religion. | How did Buddhism show a high level of adaptability? | 82 | |
| 8247632075 | External alchemy-use of hallucinatory drugs Internal alchemy-use of trance and meditation to control human physiology | Daoism lost its political edge and adapted to the new realities in this period of disunity. What two new traditions came about? | 83 | |
| 8250307283 | Africa | Today, which country south of the equator is home to more than 400 Bantu languages? | 84 | |
| 8250307284 | They spread into areas tropical rain forests which needed an immense amount of work. Just for an acre of cultivation, 600 tons of moist vegetation had to have been removed, and their tools were not suited for it. Moreover, there were no food plants and needed to survive on woodland plants like yams and mushrooms. | When the Bantu shifted to settled agriculture, what was the area they spread into like? What happened because of this environment? | 85 | |
| 8250307285 | Controlled burning | What was the most effective technique of the Bantu? | 86 | |
| 8250307286 | Iron smelting | The first wave of Bantu migrations moved through the congo forest region into East Africa, aided by their knowledge of __________________. | 87 | |
| 8250307287 | They did become prosperous because their new habitat in east Asia supported a mixed economy of animal husbandry and sedentary agriculture. | Was the first wave of Bantu migrations prosperous? Why? | 88 | |
| 8250307288 | They moved southward through the rain forests of present day congo, eventually reaching the Kalahari desert. | Where did the second wave of Bantu migration move to? | 89 | |
| 8250307289 | Fly-infested environment did not allow the rearing of livestock and they learned to use iron later than the first wave | Why was the second wave of Bantu migrations not as successful as the first? | 90 | |
| 8250307290 | Bantu; migrated | The _________ swept all else before them, absorbing most of the hunting-and-gathering populations who originally inhabited the areas they ____________ into. | 91 | |
| 8250307291 | They knew how to cultivate soil and they adapted their farming techniques to widely different environments | How were the Bantu skillful as settled agriculturalists? | 92 | |
| 8250307292 | The Bantu; it had more nutrients than the yam crop, better withstood rainfalls, clearing of fewer trees, and it created an environment with less mosquitos (malaria) | For whom was the arrival of the banana plant decisive? Why? | 93 | |
| 8250307293 | Small-scale societies based of family and clan connections | How was Bantu society organized? | 94 | |
| 8250307294 | Into age-groups, the most important being the ruling elders. There were 3 age grades for males (childhood, manhood, elder) and 2 age grades for females (childhood, marriage). There were no kings, but "big men", whose talent and skillfulness attracted followers | What was Bantu society organized into? | 95 | |
| 8250307295 | The rulers of the Bantu; chosen to rule according to wisdom, military valor, and courage | Who were the big men in Bantu society? | 96 | |
| 8250307296 | Worldview; spirits; attention | The Bantu believed in common ______________ and that the natural world was inhabited by ________. They intervened in peoples lives and required constant ___________. Some were ancestral spirits. | 97 | |
| 8250307297 | Helped humans understand the way of the spirit and charms warded off misfortune that aggregated spirits may want to inflict. | What did diviners do for the Bantu? | 98 | |
| 8250307298 | More than half | The Bantu migrations ultimately filled up how much of the African landmass? | 99 | |
| 8250307299 | Yes | Did the Bantu have settled agriculture? | 100 | |
| 8262655525 | Teatihuacan and the Mayans | What are the two mesoamerican peoples? | 101 | |
| 8262655526 | The largest city-state of the Americas before the Aztecs who lived in the heart of the Fertile Valley in central Mexico. | Who were the Teotihuacán? | 102 | |
| 8262655527 | Being the spiritual anchor, it symbolized fertility, reproduction, life, often bearing maternal features. Ironic because it has violent features. | What did the serpent symbolize in the Teotihuacán people? | 103 | |
| 8263067719 | They controlled the entire basin of the valley of Mexico. Their merchants traded all throughout, ceramics, ornaments, and all sorts of decorative or valued objects, pottery, feathers, and other goods from distant lowlands | How did the Teotihuacán culturally and economically influenced all of Mesoamérica? | 104 | |
| 8263067720 | Invaders smashed temples, targeting their spiritual core, and burned it down. | How did the Teotuhuacan fall? | 105 | |
| 8263067721 | They dominated their neighbors and demanded gifts, tribute, and humans for sacrifice | How did the teotuhuacan interact with their neighbors? | 106 | |
| 8263934749 | Hot, infertile, and lacking navigable river systems, and they were vulnerable to hurricanes. | What environment did the Mayans live in? | 107 | |
| 8263934750 | Thousands of agrarian villages | Instead of achieving greatness with a central metropolis, they established what? | 108 | |
| 8263934751 | They had a common language and they had to pay tribute | How were the many Mayan villages connected? | 109 | |
| 8263934752 | Palenque, Copan, and Piedras Negras | What were some of the major hubs and their hinterlands that the Mayan kingdoms were surrounded by? | 110 | |
| 8263934753 | Mayan; a dozen; stratified | The ________ culture encompassed about ___________kingdoms that shared many features. Each was highly ___________ with an elaborate class structure. | 111 | |
| 8263934754 | While there was a pantheon, each sub-region had its own patron. There was a creator god and deities for some natural qualities | How did were the Mayan gods split among each kingdom? | 112 | |
| 8263934755 | Neither cruel nor benevolent; needed constant attention | What were the Mayan gods like? | 113 | |
| 8263934756 | Blood sacrifice; their own blood, and the blood of captured victims | What kind of rituals did the Mayans use? | 114 | |
| 8263934757 | Maize, beans, and squash; where possible, farmers supplemented these staples with sweet potato and cassava | Because of difficult farming, what crops could the Mayans grow? | 115 | |
| 8263934758 | Popol Vuh (book of community) | What is the best surviving Mayan text? | 116 | |
| 8263934759 | mathematicians; motions; rituals | The Mayans were also skilled ___________, devising a calendar and studying astronomy. They could map heavenly ___________ onto their sacred calendars and rigorously observe their _________ at the proper times. | 117 | |
| 8263934760 | Skyscrapers | What building did the Mayans excel at building? | 118 | |
| 8263934761 | It led to chronic warfare because the goal was always to capture the blood of victims, according to whose turn was the shed the blood (the calendar determines it) | What did blood-rituals cause? Why? | 119 | |
| 8263934762 | They abandoned their spiritual centers and now there is no evidence of what caused their disappearance | How did the Mayans collapse? | 120 |
