Vocabulary from Chapter 19 -- Krueger 2012
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| 326032232 | Al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry. | 0 | |
| 326032233 | Informal Empire | Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China. | 1 | |
| 326032234 | Khedives | controlled Egypt by 1811; began to modernize based on Western models but failed to change Egypt | 2 | |
| 326032235 | Mahdi | a mythic messiah or 13th imam who is supposed to return and lead a revolution against the forces of oppression and evil. Generally seen as as a religious response to the attempts to rationalize Islam and continued threats from the West to American trade | 3 | |
| 326032236 | Matthew Perry | American naval officer; in 1853 insisted, under threat of bombardment, on the opening of Japanese ports to American trade | 4 | |
| 326032237 | Meiji Japan | a Japanese era which extended from 1868-1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudalism to its modern form. Fundamental changes affected its social structure, internal politics, economy, military, and foreign relations | 5 | |
| 326032238 | Russo-Japanese War | ended in a Japanese victory and established the Meiji as an industrial power; signaled the increasingly weakening state of Russia | 6 | |
| 326032239 | Self Strengthening Movement | 1861-1895 a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers | 7 | |
| 326032240 | Social Darwinism | a misapplication of Darwin's theory of evolution to human societies often easily referred to as "survival of the fittest", Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. | 8 | |
| 326032241 | Suez Canal | built to link the Mediterranean and Red Seas; opened in 1869 by the British. this allowed them to later justify their occupying Egypt, claiming the need to "safeguard their financial and strategic interests" | 9 | |
| 326032242 | Taiping Rebellions | a massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s. they sought to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and replace Confucianism with Christianity and establish a new dynasty. blatant failure | 10 | |
| 326032243 | Tanzimat Reforms | Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1847; these included a European-influenced constitution, postal systems, military, and education focused on science and math; largely failed revolts | 11 | |
| 326032244 | Terakoya | commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West | 12 | |
| 326032245 | Young Turks | organization of political agitators in opposition to the rule of Abdul Harmid (emperor of the Ottoman Empire). The Young Turks desired to restore the 1876 constitution and create a Westernized style state based on secular beliefs, nationalism, and rationalism | 13 | |
| 326032246 | Zaibatsu | Huge industrial companies created and supported by the state in Japan during the 1890s | 14 | |
| 326032247 | Opium Wars | The climaxes of various trade disputes between China and the Western World. British traders had illegally smuggling opium into China, despite laws that prohibited opium in China. The continuation of these illegal actions eventually gave rise to open warfare erupting between China, specifically the Qing Dynasty, against the United Kingdom. This was the first Opium War, which lasted from 1839 to 1842, ending in defeat for China due to lack of technological warfare leading to with the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. The Second Opium war came about in 1856, and lasted till 1860. The opposing sides were the U.S., Britain, and France, against the Qing dynasty of China. Once again, China came out the loser, and the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin. One of the objectionable actions partaken in the Second Opium war, was the looting and destruction of the Summer Palace, and the Old Summer Palace, as a show of force by France and Britain. (the U.S. dropped out of the war in 1859.) | 15 |
