chap 5-13
Terms : Hide Images
| 299433608 | Republic | Period when Rome was mainly governed by the Senate | 0 | |
| 299433609 | Senate | Council of the heads of wealthy, landowning families | 1 | |
| 299433610 | patron/client relationship | The patron (wealthy and powerful), provided legal and economic protection for the client. | 2 | |
| 299433611 | Principate | Period following the Republic | 3 | |
| 299433612 | Augustus | Name for Octavian, founder of the Principate | 4 | |
| 299433613 | equites | Prosperous landowners second in wealth and social status to the senatorial class | 5 | |
| 299433614 | pax romana | stability and prosperity guaranteed by Rome | 6 | |
| 299433615 | Romanization | spread of Lain language and Roman way of life | 7 | |
| 299433616 | Jesus | Jewish carpenter from Galilee in Israel | 8 | |
| 299433617 | Paul | Jew from Tarsus who preached Christianity | 9 | |
| 299433618 | aqueduct | long elevated or underground conduits to carry water | 10 | |
| 299433619 | Third-Century Crisis | Political, military, and economic turmoil of the Roman Empire | 11 | |
| 299433620 | Constantine | Reunited the entire Roman Empire | 12 | |
| 299433621 | Qin | Dynasty and state of eastern china | 13 | |
| 299433622 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire | 14 | |
| 299433623 | Han | Dynasty after Qin | 15 | |
| 299433624 | Xiongnu | Confederacy of nomads in the north | 16 | |
| 299433625 | Gaozu | throne name of Liu Bang, who brought down the Qin and founded the Han dynasty | 17 | |
| 299433626 | Sima Qian | Chief astrologer who was was considered historian of China | 18 | |
| 299433627 | Chang'an | Capital of Qin and early Han Empires | 19 | |
| 299433628 | gentry | emperors used these people as administrative personnel | 20 | |
| 299433629 | monsoon | Seasonal winds in the indian ocean caused by the differences in temperature and the slowly changing ocean waters | 21 | |
| 299433630 | Vedas | early indian sacred "knowledge" - the literal meaning of the term - long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down | 22 | |
| 299433631 | varna | Two categories of social identity of great importance in indian history | 23 | |
| 299433632 | jati | regional groups of people who have a common occupation sphere and who marry, eat, and interact with other members of their group | 24 | |
| 299433633 | karma | the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a "spirit" and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle | 25 | |
| 299433634 | moksha | the Hindu concept of the spirit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths | 26 | |
| 299433635 | Nirvana | a state of perfect peace | 27 | |
| 299433636 | Buddha | and indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social postition | 28 | |
| 299433637 | Mahayana Buddhism | "great vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in china, Japan, and Central Asia | 29 | |
| 299433638 | Theravada Buddhism | "way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia | 30 | |
| 299433639 | Hinduism | A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity | 31 | |
| 299433640 | Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent | 32 | |
| 299433641 | Ashoka | third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (273-232 B.C.E.) | 33 | |
| 299433642 | Mahabharata | A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kingship groups in early india | 34 | |
| 299433643 | Bhagavad-Gita | the most important work of indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuno and the god Krishna | 35 | |
| 299433644 | Tamil kingdoms | The kingdoms of southern india, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages | 36 | |
| 299433645 | Gupta Empire | A powerful indian state based on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley | 37 | |
| 299433646 | theater-state | Historians' term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies | 38 | |
| 299433647 | Funan | An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. | 39 | |
| 299433648 | Silk Road | Trade route connecting China and the Middle East | 40 | |
| 299433649 | Parthians | Iranaian dynasty created from an Iranian nomadic group | 41 | |
| 299433650 | Sasanid Empire | Iranaian empire that defeated the Parthians | 42 | |
| 299433651 | stirrup | device for securing a horseman's feet, allowing him to easily wield weapons | 43 | |
| 299433652 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | Trade network across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea | 44 | |
| 299433653 | trans-Sahara caravan routes | Trading network connecting North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara | 45 | |
| 299433654 | Sahel | "Coastland" of Sahara | 46 | |
| 299433655 | sub-Saharan Africa | Portion of Africa south of the Sahara | 47 | |
| 299433656 | steppes | Flat, semiarid plains with no trees | 48 | |
| 299433657 | savanna | Tropical or subtropical grassland | 49 | |
| 299433658 | tropical rain forest | High-precipitation forest zones | 50 | |
| 299433659 | "great traditions" | cultural heritages shared by the educated elites | 51 | |
| 299433660 | "small traditions" | local customs and beliefs, usually from nonliterate people | 52 | |
| 299433661 | Bantu | group of sub-Saharan African languages and people who speak them | 53 | |
| 299433662 | Armenia | Early Christian kingdom, eastern Anatolia and western Caucasus | 54 | |
| 299433663 | Ethiopia | East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River | 55 | |
| 299433664 | Shi'ites | Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph | 56 | |
| 299433665 | Sunnis | Muslims that believe the caliph doesn't have to be related to Muhammad and should be chosen by the leaders of the Islamic community | 57 | |
| 299433666 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 58 | |
| 299433667 | Muhammad | the founder of the Islam religion; to Muslims, Muhammad is the ultimate and final prophet | 59 | |
| 299433668 | Muslim | A follower of Islam, means "one who has submitted" | 60 | |
| 299433669 | Islam | the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah. | 61 | |
| 299433670 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. | 62 | |
| 299433671 | Umma | the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan | 63 | |
| 299433672 | Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. | 64 | |
| 299433673 | Quran | the sacred book of Islam | 65 | |
| 299433674 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232) | 66 | |
| 299433675 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. | 67 | |
| 299433676 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. (236) | 68 | |
| 299433677 | Charlemagne | First emperor in western Europe in three hundred years | 69 | |
| 299433678 | medieval | Decline of urban life in later days of Roman Empire | 70 | |
| 299433679 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern portion of the Roman Empire | 71 | |
| 299433680 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine | 72 | |
| 299433681 | schism | Formal split in the religious community | 73 | |
| 299433682 | manor | Self-sufficient farming estates giving people physical and political protection | 74 | |
| 299433683 | serf | Agricultural workers on the manor | 75 | |
| 299433684 | fief | land granted for military service | 76 | |
| 299433685 | vassal | noble follower to the king | 77 | |
| 299433686 | papacy | central administration of the roman Catholic Church | 78 | |
| 299433687 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose confederation of German princes who was headed by an emporer | 79 | |
| 299433688 | investiture controversy | conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the popes over authority over the bishops | 80 | |
| 299433689 | monasticism | living in a religious community away from society | 81 | |
| 299433690 | horse collar | moves point of traction from a horse's throat to its shoulders | 82 | |
| 299433691 | Crusades | Christian campaigns against Muslims | 83 | |
| 299433692 | pilgrimages | journey to a sacred shrine of the christians | 84 | |
| 299433693 | Grand Canal | waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers | 85 | |
| 299433694 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang empire and its second emporer | 86 | |
| 299433695 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia | 87 | |
| 299433696 | tributary system | Relationship where independent countries acknowledged the Chinese emporer's supremacy | 88 | |
| 299433697 | Song Empire | Empire in central and southern China | 89 | |
| 299433698 | junk | Very large flat bottom sailing for long-distance trade | 90 | |
| 299433699 | gunpowder | Saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal to make explosives and propel bullets | 91 | |
| 299433700 | neo-Confucianism | New approaches to understanding Confucian tests | 92 | |
| 299433701 | Zen | The japanese word for a branch of Mahayana buddhism | 93 | |
| 299433702 | movable type | Where each individual character is cast on a seperate piece of metal | 94 | |
| 299433703 | shamanism | the practice of identifying special individuals who interact with spirits for the benefit of the community | 95 | |
| 299433704 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by mongol invasion in 1258 | 96 | |
| 299433705 | Fujiwara | aristocratic family who dominated the japanese imperial court between ninth and twelfth centuries | 97 | |
| 299433706 | Kamakura Shogunate | the first of japans decentralized military governments | 98 | |
| 299433707 | Champa rice | quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season | 99 | |
| 299433708 | Srivijaya | a state based on the indonesian island of sumatra between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E. | 100 | |
| 299433709 | Teotihuacan | powerful city-state in central Mexico that was an important classic-period civilization | 101 | |
| 299433710 | chinampas | Raised fields made along lake shores for better agricultural prosperity | 102 | |
| 299433711 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala and Honduras | 103 | |
| 299433712 | Toltecs | postclassic empire in central Mexico that had wide influence | 104 | |
| 299433713 | altepetl | ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica led by tlatoani | 105 | |
| 299433714 | calpoll | group of up to a hundred families that served as a foundation of the altepetl | 106 | |
| 299433715 | Tenochtitlan | capital of the Aztec empire with about 150,000 inhabitants | 107 | |
| 299433716 | Aztecs | powerful empire in central mexico that forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as tax | 108 | |
| 299433717 | tribute system | system in which defeated people paid tax in the form of goods and labor | 109 | |
| 299433718 | anasazi | an American indian civilization and culture that existed around the four corners area until 1300 C.E. | 110 | |
| 299433719 | chiefdom | a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy of the chiefs | 111 | |
| 299433720 | ayllu | the traditional form of a community in the andes, especially among quechuas and aymaras | 112 | |
| 299433721 | mit'a | a mandatory public service in the society of the inca empire | 113 | |
| 299433722 | Moche | a civilization that flourished in northern peru from about 100-800 C.E. | 114 | |
| 299433723 | Wari | a middle horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central andes and coastal area of modern-day peru from about 500-1000 C.E. | 115 | |
| 299433724 | Tiwanaku | an important pre-columbian archaeological site in western bolivia, south america | 116 | |
| 299433725 | Inca | the largest empire in pre-columbian america, the administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco | 117 | |
| 299433726 | khipus | recording devices used in the incan empire and its predecessor societies in the andean region | 118 | |
| 299433727 | Mongols | people who were early nomads but raised a massive empire linking western and eastern Eurasia | 119 | |
| 299433728 | Genghis Khan | supreme leader of Mongols in 1206 | 120 | |
| 299433729 | nomadism | People migrate to find pastures and water | 121 | |
| 299433730 | Yuan Empire | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan | 122 | |
| 299433731 | bubonic plague | Bacterial disease of fleas transmitted from rodents to humans | 123 | |
| 299433732 | Il-Khan | "secondary" khan based in Persia | 124 | |
| 299433733 | Golden Horde | Mongol Khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu | 125 | |
| 299433734 | Timur | leader of the Khanate of Jagadai | 126 | |
| 299433735 | Rashid al-Din | Adviser to the Il=khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice | 127 | |
| 299433736 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist who inspired Copernican model of the solar system | 128 | |
| 299433737 | Alexander Nevskii | Prince of Novgorod; submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 | 129 | |
| 299433738 | tsar | a russian title for a monarch to a russian ruler by Ivan III | 130 | |
| 299433739 | Ottoman Empire | islamsic state founded by osman in northwestern anatolia 1300 C.E. | 131 | |
| 299433740 | Khubilai Khan | last of the mongol great kahns and founder of the Yuan Empire | 132 | |
| 299433741 | lama | in tibetan buddhism, a teacher | 133 | |
| 299433742 | Beijing | china's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the people's republic of china | 134 | |
| 299433743 | Ming Empire | empire based in china that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the yuan empire | 135 | |
| 299433744 | Yongle | the third empire of the ming empire | 136 | |
| 299433745 | Zheng He | an imperial eunuch and muslim | 137 | |
| 299433746 | Yi | the Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonialization of korea by japan | 138 | |
| 299433747 | kamikaze | the "divine wind" which the japanese credited by blowing mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281 | 139 | |
| 299433748 | Ashikaga Shogunate | the second of japans military governments headed by a shogun, or military ruler | 140 | |
| 299433749 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 141 | |
| 299433750 | tropics | Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. | 142 | |
| 299433751 | Monsoon | a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter | 143 | |
| 299433752 | Delhi Sultanate | created by the Sultan Mahmud; lasted from 1206 AD to 1526 AD; the first Muslim empire in India | 144 | |
| 299433753 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) | 145 | |
| 299433754 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 146 | |
| 299433755 | Gujarat | Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. | 147 | |
| 299433756 | dhows | Characteristic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabian Sea. | 148 | |
| 299433757 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' | 149 | |
| 299433758 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 150 | |
| 299433759 | Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. | 151 | |
| 299433760 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. | 152 | |
| 299433761 | Urdu | A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. | 153 | |
| 299433762 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | 154 |
